Home Depot and Lowes Essay

Case Summary Value Line Publishing analyst, Carrie Galeotafiore had followed the retail building-supply industry for approximately three years. Within a week the investment-survey firm will be publishing Galeotafiore’s quarterly findings on the industry along with the five-year financial forecast for the industry’s leaders, Home Depot and Lowe’s. In an effort to increase their top and bottom-lines, Home Depot and Lowe’s have implemented strategies like improving customer service, attracting professional customers, and introducing a more favorable merchandise mix. Combined sales from the two companies accounted for more than a third of the industry’s sales. In the mean time, smaller hardware stores struggled to remain in the game. Galeotafiore reports shows confidence in the methods Home Depot deployed to achieve their goals and attributed Lowe’s margin expansion to their thrust into the major metropolitan markets. This case will mainly focus on the strategic issues involved with Home Depot and Lowe’s, the industry trends, the financial outlook for the respective companies, and whether or not Galeotafiore has the depth of knowledge and experience to make a correct call on the companies’ performance.Finally, the report will be substantiated with financial ratios comparing one company with the other, showing possible alternatives and proposing recommendations. Case Analysis This segment will narrow down the major issues of the case, along with the quantitative perspective showing historical trends and the projected level of economic activity. In 2001, the Economist Intelligenc Unit (EIU) estimated the retail building-supply industry to be approximately $175 billion with stores similar to Home Depot and Lowe’s capturing one third of the 51% of sales in their category. Despite the slump in the economy in 2001, growth was at 4.2% which representd a decline from 7.7% in 1998. Strategic issues for Home Depot and Lowe’s Home Depot’s CEO, Bob Nardelli’s goal was to increase their margin through declining cost in product review, opening more tool-rental centers and improving purchasing aspects. All of the above were an effort to remain  competitive. Galeotafiore stated in her report that stores which provide programs similar to the Service Performance Improvement offered by Home Depot tend to fear better in operating margins, inventory turnover and productivity, than the do-it-yourself establishments. Jefferies’ analyst Donald Trott downgraded Lowe’s, due to a declining housing-market bubble and, based on an opinion that their stock price was richly valued compared to Home Depot’s. However, on the brighter side, Lowe’s management told analysts that over the next two years, it expected to maintain sales growth between 18% and 19% and over the next three years from 2002 to 2004 it is expected to open 123, 130 and 140 stores respectively entering metropolitan m arkets with populations over 500,000 like the Boston and New York markets.

The Advantages Imparted By Resin Addition To Conventional Glass Ionomer Outweigh The Disadvantages

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) is created when ion-leachable calcium alumino-silicate glass powder that contains fluoride reacts with polyalkenoic acid. Recently, the use of GIC has been extensive in dentistry as it can be modified by combining it with several substances and the properties can be further enhanced. GIC cement was initially developed by Wilson and Kent in England in the year 1972 (Graig, 2002). When created earlier, the GIC was not an aesthetic material and did not have any translucency. It was utilized to full only small class V abrasive lesions.It was slowly modified and can be used in several clinical processes such as luting, as a lining and a base, etc. GIC has certain unique properties that may not be present in any other material. It helps to conserve the tooth structure and it directly bonds with the tooth. The GIC cement directly bonds to the dentine present in the tooth. It helps to remineralise caries and hence can be utilized by preserving the tooth material. The GIC cement slowly releases fluoride over a long-period. This property of GIC can also be utilized in caries prevention and in patient’s having a high-risk of developing caries (Mount, 1998).The powder present in the resin-modified GIC cement is somewhat similar to the conventional GIC’s. The liquid contains monomers and polymers to ensure the strength of the GIC cement is increased (Graig, 2002). The GIC cement has usually two components, a powder and a liquid. The powder is a ion-leachable alumina-silicate glass. The liquid contains polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid dissolved in water. During the setting reaction Aluminium ions and calcium ions are released by the glass and polymers release acid groups.The setting reaction takes place slowly and results in the formation of a cross-linked gel matrix. Aluminium ions may be exchanged slowly in the gel matrix which helps to strengthen it. This process occurs very slowly until the final set. The calcium present i n the gel matrix may combine with the exposed GIC cement bonds using both diffusion an the adsorption phenomenon (Mount, 1998). When the freshly cut tooth surface is smeared with GIC, the polyalkenoic acid plays a very important role in initiating adhesion. The carboxyl ions present in the acid displaces the phosphate ions present in the apatite crystals.The Calcium phosphate-polyalkenoate crystalline complex formed at the interface of the tooth surface and the GIC material plays a very important role in bonding. This phenomenon is frequently-known as diffusion based adhesion (Mount, 1998). When the intermediate complex phase is subjected to acid etching, it was more resistant to etching than the other portions of the tooth. When forces were applied to debond the restoration to the tooth, the complex phase formed was left behind. The carboxyl group of the polyacid of the GIC combines with the collagen molecules of the dentin to form a bond.The strength of this bond may be increased by using conditioning agents such as citric acid and hydrogen peroxide which help to remove the smear layer. However, polyacrylic acid is the best material in removing the smear layer and improving adhesion. Polyacrylic acid helps to remove the smear layer, but does not interfere with the dentinal plugs that block the entry into the dentinal tubules. This helps to prevent the development of hypersensitivity following restoration. This solution can also be utilized remove the smear layer (Mount, 1998). The Cement so formed may have a lot of limitations which may restrict use.GIC cement is slightly more soluble in the saliva compared to several other dental cements especially the resin containing cements. However, GIC cement is more resistant to solubility than other cements such as silicate cements. Another problem of GIC cement is that it may begin to disintegrate in the oral cavity when certain problems such as zerostomia or Sjogern’s syndrome are present. This is because th e GIC cement tends to lose its moisture in the oral cavity. In such a circumstance, GIC restorations have to be replaced every few months or maximum on an annual basis.Frequently, the cement has to be covered by a composite resin lining to ensure that the GIC cement does not face the ruthless environment of the mouth, especially in Sjorgren’s syndrome (Mount, 1998). Resin modified GIC cements helps to make the material more resistant to both excessive solubility in the oral cavity and excessive destruction from unfavourable conditions present in the mouth such as Sjogren’s syndrome (Mount 1998). GIC cement tends to shrink slowly with time. The shrinkage on an average basis (volumetrically) is about 3 %.This shrinkage develops slowly over a period of time. On the tooth side of the restoration, as the GIC combines with the collagen and the tooth surface to form a bond, the shrinkage may not be much to result in debonding of the restoration from the tooth. The stress rela xation is not much on the tooth side of the restoration. When the cement tends to set slowly, it usually absorbs water and also dissolves slightly more in the saliva. Slowly setting cements overall do not have good mechanical properties but anyway shrink less than the faster setting GIC’s.A cavity varnish or a Composite Resin may have to be applied to the surface of slow-setting GIC cement in order to protect if from the oral environment during the initial stages following setting. In resin-modified GIC cements, even if the resin content is about 5 %, it would result in reduced amounts of shrinkage at the time of placement. The shrinkage that develops over a period of time occurs much more slowly. The adhesion formed between the tooth surface and the GIC helps to limit shrinkage to some extent (Mount,1998). GIC cements are weak material and lack rigidity.They are susceptible to fracture compared to other materials such as dental amalgams and composite resins. Those restoratio ns with GIC prepared in high stress bearing areas, having high occlusal load, usually fail within a short period of time. However, research suggests that the resin-modified GIC cements have a better strength compared to the conventional GIC cements. The transverse strength of resin-modified GIC cement is almost twice that of conventional GIC cement (Graig, 2002). They also have higher fracture resistance, almost comparable to micro-filled composite resins.On an average, the compressive strength of conventional GIC cements is about 70 to 220 MPa, and that for luting GIC cements is about 10 to 150 MPa. The compressive strength for a resin-modified GIC cement is about 110 to 220 MPa. The tensile strength for conventional GIC cements is about 12 to 16 MPa and that for luting GIC cement is about 6 to 15 MPa. The tensile strength of resin -modified GIC cement is about 15 to 16 Moa. The Shear strength of the conventional GIC cement is about 30 to 40 MPa and for the luting GIC cement is abo ut 20 to 25 MPa.On the other hand, the resin-modified GIC cement has shear strength of about 60 to 70 MPa. During the early days, the GIC cements did not have a good compressive and tensile strengths. However, nowadays due to advancements in the materials, the compressive and tensile strengths of conventional GIC is approaching that of resin-modified GIC and also the microfilled composite resins (Mount, 1998). However, the resin-modified GIC cements should only be utilized in low –stress bearing areas. They can be utilized in patients having a high-caries rate as the GIC cement has anti-cariogenic properties (Graig, 2002).Many dental practitioners consider using cermets cements or sliver-impregnated GIC cements in load-bearing areas as they would feel that it helps improve the facture toughness of the GIC. However, this is a wrong perception as cermets cements only help to improve the abrasive resistance. Conventional GIC cements have a reasonable amount of resistance to abra sion. They may be susceptible to abrasion during the initial stages following placement (Mount 1998). Self-curing GIC cements may have moderate translucency, but this may take several days to develop.Self-curing GIC cements tend to be affected by the presence of water during the initial period following setting. Hence, self-curing GIC cements may have to be carefully sealed during placement for at least 24 hours until some amount of translucency is achieved. The technique of placement plays a very important role in the case of conventional GIC. Resin-modified GIC cements show a much better translucency compared to the conventional GIC cements. The translucency is achieved immediately following curing with light. The translucency may slightly worsen over the next few days following placement, but this may not be perceived to the eye.Following this, the translucency improves again and sometimes it even achieves a greater amount of translucency compared to that obtained following curin g (Mount, 1998). HEMA (about 15 to 25 %), certain polymerisable groups (1%) and a photo-initiator are present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement. The light –activation of the GIC enables polymerization of the resin, and the chemical reaction between the liquid and the powder components of the GIC goes on as in an auto-curing system. The final setting of the resin-modified GIC cement is the same as that of conventional cement.As HEMA is present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement, using thinly consistency cements would bring about a higher HEMA content in the final set mixture. A thick mixture would contain 4. 5 % HEMA, whereas thinly-mixed GIC cement would contain about 15 % HEMA. The HEMA is capable of drawing water from the oral environment and degrading. Further, HEMA is released into the dentin. The presence of certain trace elements in the GIC cement brings about an oxidation-reduction reaction and ensures that the HEMA is not l eft behind. Hence, water is not absorbed from the environment by the GIC cement.During the setting of the resin-modified GIC cement, two basic reactions occur between the powder and the liquid. The first is the acid-base reaction between the polyalkenoic acid and the glass powder. Two separate matrices are formed, one is a hydrogel of the ionomer salts and the other is a poly-HEMA matrix. When these two matrices are formed, the interactions prevent the acid-base reactions from completing. The HEMA particles will begin to set following activation by light, and will prevent the auto-curing GIC cement from absorbing water almost immediately (Mount, 1998).This will also ensure that a greater amount of strength is achieved by the restoration almost immediately (Graig, 2002). The acid-base reaction, the light-curing reaction (along with the presence of the photo-initiator) and the oxidation-reduction reactions ensure that adequate cross-linking takes place in the resin-modified GIC cement . The light-curing reaction ensures sufficient and immediate hardening of the GIC mass provided the light activation is performed. The acid-base reaction will continue for a few days to bring about hardening within a few days.The cross-linking formed in the acid-base reactions and the HEMA matrix will ensure that water is not taken up by the GIC mass. The 5 to 15 % HEMA present in the GIC ensures that water is not immediately taken up by the GIC mass. However, as a sufficient quantity of substances present in the conventional GIC cement is present, the chances of dehydration following the initial setting reaction are still high. Hence, light-cured resin-modified GIC cement should also be protected with a low-viscosity resin sealant (Mount, 1998).When resin-modified GIC cement is utilized as a base below composite resin restorations, there is no need to etch the GIC cement before inserting the composite resin material. HEMA helps in forming a chemical bond between the GIC cement and the composite resin. Efforts should be made during the etching process to prevent accident etching of the GIC cement. However, etching the GIC cement would not result in an adverse affect. When GIC cement is utilized below amalgam restorations, it is better to use resin-modified GIC cement as it can tolerate higher strengths compared to the conventional GIC cements (Graig, 2002).Resin-modified GIC cements are frequently utilized below composite resin restorations since the year 1985, so as to lower microleakage. Besides, fluorides released by the GIC would ensure that secondary caries does not develop. The composite resin would ensure that superior aesthetic effects of the restoration would be maintained. Fluorides leached by the GIC would ensure that the restoration has some anti-cariogenic effect. Earlier, conventional GIC cement was utilized below composite restorations, and only mechanical interlocking between both the materials occurred.The GIC present below the resin material was lost over a period of time. There is no chemical bonding between the GIC and the composite resin restoration and hence, the bond strength is very poor. The use of rein-modified GIC cements present below composite resins helps to improve the bond strength as a chemical bonding would be formed between the monomer present in the GIC and certain substances present in the composite resin (Taher, 2007). The GIC utilized in a laminate or sandwich technique can be used in two fashions, that is open sandwich and closed sandwich technique.In the open sandwich technique, portions of the GIC are exposed to the oral cavity. The GIC is not only utilised to cover the exposed dentin but is also placed peripherally to form a type of seal. In the closed technique, the GIC covers the dentin and is in turn completely covered by the composite resin restoration. Using conventional GIC cements, the failure rates were 13 to 35 % within 2 years and 75 % within 6 years. The conventional GIC cements place d were capable of degenerating to a greater extent in the saliva and are also susceptible to fracture due to decreased fracture resistance.Gradually, resin-modified GIC began to replace the conventional GIC under composite restorations. As resin-modified GIC cements have superior properties, they would ensure a longer life, and would also have an anti-cariogenic effect. Studies demonstrated that the resin-modified GIC developed better proprieties and was not much technique-sensitive compared to the conventional GIC cements. In the open-sandwich technique, the marginal seal developed by the resin –modified GIC cement was much better than the composite resin materials and hence is preferred.The caries rate was much less in the patients using Resin-modified GIC cements compared to the conventional GIC cements. A study was conducted by Dentists in a city in Sweden to study the effect of using resin-modified GIC cements on about 239 restorations. It was found that the 5 % of the r estorations had become unacceptable after 3 years (that is about 5 % of all restorations treated with open-sandwich techniques had failed). Tooth fractures developed in about 2. 5 % of the restorations. Minor erosions of the GIC were observed in 4 %. Secondary caries developed only in one of the 239 restorations.The properties of resin-modified GIC cements is much superior to conventional GIC cement when utilized beneath composite restorations in a sandwich technique. The Resin-modified GIC cements are less susceptible to dissolve and disintegrate in the salvia compared to the conventional GIC cements. It also adapts well to the cavity walls and offers a chemical bonding with the composite resin. The failure rate with resin modified GIC cements was much less compared to that of conventional GIC cements. The sandwich technique can be utilized as an alternative to amalgam restorations especially in those with a high caries index.The restorations produced have a lower failure rate and has a much longer life. However, the use of resin-modified GIC cements for sandwich technique has not been studied on a long term basis (van Dijken, 1999). The bond strengths formed between resin-modified GIC cements and the composite resin materials was higher compared to that between the conventional GIC and the composite restorations following etch and bond technique. In etch and bond technique, the bond strength formed was about 2. 42 MPa compared to that of 6. 87 to 7. 05 MPa formed between the resin-modified GIC and the composite restorations (Knight, 2006).Another study conducted in the University of Cardiff by Chadwick et al (2007), demonstrated that resin-modified GIC cement had a much better success rate compared to conventional GIC cements. The failure rates of conventional GIC cements were between 6. 6 to 60 %. The failure rates of resin-modified GIC cements were found to be between 2 to 14 %, suggesting superior mechanical properties. Some amount of evidence is present from past literature that resin-modified GIC cements could also be utilised to a certain extent in small and moderate sized class II restorations (Chadwick, 2007).A study was conducted to study the surface properties of resin-modified composite resins compared to that of conventional GIC and that of composite resin restorations. The materials were examined following polishing with silicon carbide. The composite resin restorations and the resin-modified GIC cements were more resistant to the effect of foodstuff such as tea, coffee and red wine on the restoration than the conventional GIC. The surface roughness of the composite resin restoration and the resin-modified restoration were much lesser compared to the conventional GIC restoration (Bagheri, 2007).There are not much of differences in the composition of the resin-modified GIC and the conventional GIC cements. The resin-modified GIC contains a small percentage of monomers and polymers to bring about superior mechanical properti es. Resin-modified GIC cements are more resistant to solubility and excessive disintegration from several factors that operate from within the oral cavity. The shrinkage that develops in resin-modified GIC is much slower and less compared to conventional GIC cement. Resin–modified GIC cements have higher transverse strengths, compressive strengths and fracture resistance compared to conventional GIC cements.Even the tensile strengths and the shear strengths of resin-modified GIC cements are higher than conventional GIC cements. However, resin-modified GIC cements should not be utilized in high stress bearing areas, as they could fail. Resin-modified GIC achieves its final properties almost immediately, following curing with light. Resin-modified cements have better properties when placed below composite and amalgam restorations. Below composite restorations, it forms a chemical bond with the composite. As its strength is higher, it can be utilized below amalgam restorations.I t also helped to reduce the secondary caries rate as they released fluorides over a period of time. The surface properties of Resin-modified GIC are also much better compared to that of conventional GIC, and hence the aesthetic properties would be much better. All these superiorities do imply that Resin-modified GIC should be preferred for use in various situations. However, the Resin-modified GIC should not be utilized to fill large cavities in stress bearing areas, as they are susceptible to fail.

The World Is Growing Smaller And More Independent Education Essay

Since the universe is turning smaller and more independent, there is a greater demand of planetary instruction. The universe is altering all the clip. On the concern and political relations web log ( 2010 ) I found the following interesting definition of globalization: Possibly the truest definition of Globalisation is in fact the fortunes of Princess Diana ‘s decease and how this account is brought to you. How come you inquire? Well, seek this for size: An English princess with an Egyptian fellow clangs in a Gallic tunnel, in a German auto with a Dutch engine, driven by a Belgian, rummy on Scots whiskey, followed closely by Italian Paparazzi, on Nipponese bikes ; treated by a Gallic physician, utilizing Brazilian medical specialties. You ‘re likely reading this on your computing machine, that uses Chinese french friess, on a Korean proctor, assembled by Bangladeshi workers in a Singaporean works, transported by Indian truck drivers, to a Grecian ship, hijacked by Indonesians, unloaded by Sicilian stevedores, and trucked to you by Eastern European drivers. That is true Globalization! You see, globalization is an economic, a societal and a cultural phenomenon! We all live in the same universe, so all of us feel the alteration. Specifying instruction and globalization Globalisation. Before we ‘re traveling to compose about the effects of globalization it ‘s necessary to cognize what globalization means. Despite we use the term ‘globalisation ‘ for a long clip ; it is still really hard to happen a good definition. In 1985 the economic expert Theodore Levitt described globalization as alterations in planetary economic sciences impacting production, ingestion and investing. It was a globalization of markets. The term was shortly used for political and cultural alterations. That ‘s because it can intend different things to different people. It ‘s like everybody has his ain vision of it. Furthermore, different civilizations have different outlooks of gustatory sensation and criterion. Actually globalization is non something that late emerged, but the effects became clear merely in recent old ages. At the clip of geographic expedition, a long clip ago, people were already working across boundary lines, the economic involvements were paramount. World War II did stagnate the universe trade, this is made clear by several economic crises. However, the procedure of globalization did n't halt. The innovation of the steam engine, the steamer and the train made longer trips possible. Furthermore, the innovation of the telephone made certain that it was no longer necessary to travel on a trip merely to interchange information. Many other developments, including the outgrowth of assorted media, but besides international organisations and improved substructure guarantee that globalization will turn faster and bigger. At the really get downing globalization was an exchange of goods. Trade was the ground for contact. Though the footing has still an economic motivation, globalization is besides a societal and cultural exchange. Internet made this distribution a batch easier. Fifty old ages ago it was customary to analyze at a nearby university, or at least nearby your place. Today one out of 30 pupils ( for a given period ) goes survey in another state. In many companies it is common for workers to work in another state for a fixed period. Because of this it is more possible to do contact with other people, friendly relationships and even relationships. Guest workers, who for economic grounds are located in another state, frequently guarantee that the whole household comes to populate at that place. These developments provide a more assorted population. figure 1 – All subjects related to globalization Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bized.co.uk/ ) In figure 1 you see what globalization for illustration could affect, but in this paper we ‘ll manage planetary instruction. All this was made possible by a batch of different things, for ex. engineering, communicating webs, internet entree, growing of economic cooperation and motion to free trade. The cyberspace made it a batch easier to traverse the boundary lines, to work and pass on. The velocity of the intelligence through media is besides good grounds. How long did it take before we knew about the temblor in Japan or the events of September, 11? We frequently say that the universe is a little topographic point, it ‘s like we ‘re populating in one large small town. More and more goods are traversing the boundary lines. You do n't necessitate to travel to Spain for tappa or to America to purchase denims of Tommy Hilfiger. And when you ‘re traveling on a vacation, sometimes you will see goods from Belgium, like pears in Japan or Cote d'or in Austria. It ‘s besides possible to order goods from all over the universe on the cyberspace, it is still a turning concern. Nowadays it is impossible non to work over the cyberspace, it is assumed that every company has a web site and an electronic mail reference to acquire in touch. Factories all over the universe are unifying, so it ‘s frequently necessary to talk a batch of different linguistic communications. The free trade and the worldwide market detonation have led to the clang of some mills and a enormous growing of others. Vacations, music, nutrient, apparels, †¦ from different civilizations have enriched life. In the 21th century there are more adult females and coloreds in the working circuit. All this has besides a monetary value ticket: a turning fright, aggression, favoritism, biass, colliding civilizations, †¦ Political leaders from industrialized states are standing under force per unit area to protect the bulk from the turning minorities. That ‘s why there ‘s a limitation of in-migration and a reclamation of work license. For a long period globalization merely involved grownups. Childs have long been excluded. The last twelvemonth we get more and more grounds that this is altering. Like English to kindergartners or pupils on a joint undertaking working together with kids from other states. In every school, they say that the intent of instruction is to do kids or immature people ready to take a function in society. Education. After holding explained the term globalization, it ‘s besides necessary to understand good the term instruction. Education is more than traveling to school. Education is the key to growing and poorness decrease in a state. It is possible to separate between schooling, vocational preparation and third instruction in the national context and foreign instruction in the international context. Schooling includes primary and secondary instruction. Vocational preparation includes a preparation to exert a peculiar business or profession. Third instruction includes higher instruction in the state of abode. When a pupil wants to follow his higher instruction abroad, it ‘s called foreign instruction ( Labu, A. , 2009 ) . A good quality primary and secondary instruction is necessary for third instruction. Furthermore, good quality and appropriate instruction determines the development and productive employment ( Al-Samarrai and Bennell, 2003 ; Tye B. B. , and Tye K. A. , 1992 ) .Global instructionIntroduction As you see it ‘s of import to bask a good instruction, a planetary instruction, to assist out in this universe. Education is regarded as a public good. So first it is non-excludable: it ‘s a good for everyone, cipher can be excluded from it. Second, it is non-rival: if one individual usage this good, another is non affected by it. Education starts in the primary school. Primary instruction starts when you ‘re around 3 old ages old, it ‘s based on supplying literacy and numeracy accomplishments. After this, secondary instruction follows. In secondary schools it ‘s frequently possible to follow the last twelvemonth in another state. The phases of instruction are interlinked, good quality instruction is of import for third instruction. A good quality and appropriate instruction besides provides a good base for productive preparation and employment chances. Higher educated workers earn more, so more instruction raises rewards and likely besides economic public presentation ( Labu, A. , 2009 ) . The effects of instruction seems larger in low-income states, this might be consistent that it ‘s besides of import for the catch-up. The catch-up theory says that low-income states have the possibility to turn faster than others. The low-income states have a low capital in contrast with richer states. A similar capital injection in the economic system will hold a bigger advantage for the development states. Education and migration There are different pull and push factors for migration. Engage differences between states are frequently the most of import. Education is besides an of import determiner of migration. There ‘s an of import difference between lasting and impermanent migration. Carrington and Detragiache ( 1998 ) investigated the lasting migration. Their survey was based on the migration of 61 developing economic systems and 25 developed economic systems. They found that small or no instruction cause limited entree to international in-migration. They besides found that immigrants are better educated than the remainder of the population of their state. The effects of trade on instruction Trade can hold macro effects and micro effects. You can hold a macro consequence when it is necessitating that a state specialize in certain types of instruction. There ‘s a micro consequence when a state has to specialise itself in certain maps, where small preparation and instruction is needed. So we see trade can besides impact the supply of instruction. Trade can hold macro effects as the imports and exports shift the construction of the economic system, so states specialize in certain types of instruction ( Wood and Ridao-Cano, 1999 ) . On the other manus, there are micro effects of states that have to specialise in certain maps. Kaplinsky ( 2000 ) said that trade besides can impact the supply of instruction and act like a replacement or complement to national proviso. figure 2 – The effects of trade on instruction Beginning: Te Velde, W. , 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1820.pdf vanaf P 37! Education as a concern The growing on international trade has its consequence on instruction. As the economic systems of developing states merge, the demand for instruction has multiplied. In the past nine old ages, higher instruction has increased with 53 % , worldwide there are 153 million university pupils ( Labi, A. , 2009 ) . Many companies, private and multinationals, have helped when there was a robust growing of demand of the educational private sector. The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) has identified that the private ( higher ) instruction establishments are the fastest turning sector worldwide ( Altbach et al. , 2009 ) . The outgrowth of digital, distance and practical acquisition makes clear that information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) has had a large impact on planetary educational development and promotion. The Apollo Group is a good illustration of a private company that is supplying chances for distance acquisition. There are besides educational related services and merchandises, like Smartschool and Blackboard. They give a really good service. Such merchandises provide schools with an intranet service. Blackboard connects pupils and instructors, so they can pass on over the cyberspace. Students can post messages and happen class stuff. Teachers can besides assistance with scaling and maintaining path of pupils assignments. Over 5000 establishments are utilizing Blackboard. Nowadays Blackboard has his portion of struggles. Some of them are traditional client service issues, but others are more of import, because of the new educational theoretical accounts. Many have expressed defeat and left Blackboard for rivals. Public instruction, course of study and teaching method Social, political, economic and environmental issues seem to exceed boundary lines. That ‘s why it ‘s really of import to make a comprehensive andiˆ interdisciplinary attack that gives pupils the possibility to make accomplishments to suit a scope of challenges. As you see, new cognition and accomplishments were added to the course of study as the universe became more complex. By advancing planetary instruction we increase our opportunities to vie economically with the universe. More than three hundred old ages ago the lone of import thing in school was reading en authorship and sometimes faith. Old ages subsequently there was besides spelling, math, Latin and a few scientific disciplines, but still merely a few kids attended school. Immigration, industrialisation and urbanisation placed new demands on the educational system. Because the mills recruited the kids from the farms as good the kids from other topographic points, the metropoliss became bigger and bigger and a different sort of school was necessary. This school was much bigger and pupils followed their course of study with age-mates. Secondary schools began to look, but they served merely a few. After primary school the male childs did the work of their male parent and the misss helped at place. Thingss like history and geographics seemed unreal and excessively far off. Even today it is frequently a less popular class. The engineering of the twentieth century changed it all. The outgrowth of the auto industry made it possible to work further from place. Besides air travel made the universe smaller. Everyone could maintain in touch by phone. Peoples became more and more aware of the universe. Radio and telecasting brought the universe into our suites In merely a few coevalss the universe was turning smaller and smaller. In the nineteenth century and even in the twentieth it was a large event for kids to travel to the market, but today they travel to other states. At the terminal of the twentieth century there were more people on the move around the universe than of all time earlier. There for it was besides necessary to make international schools. In the 21th century it is of import that there ‘s a planetary instruction. Teachers have the occupation to do pupils planetary citizens. There is no widely accepted definition. In the term planetary citizens you here citizenship, what means that you are loyal to your town or state. Within the planetary context it is necessary foremost to understand the local environment. Banks ( 2003 ) says that it is of import for pupils to understand how life in their cultural communities influences other. He besides says that citizens need the cognition, attitude and accomplishments required to work within cultural communities. It is no longer plenty to place and care about planetary issues, but we must develop empathy every bit good. Educators are still seeking to calculate out how to learn understanding and empathy. The International Baccalaureate Curriculum. The International Baccalaureate ( IB ) Curriculum is a plan that involves more than 3000 schools all over the universe, six of them are in Belgium. IB makes it possible to analyze everyplace. Parents who have to work in another state do non hold to be afraid that their kids do non hold any instruction. The International Baccalaureate has three plans of survey for pupils between ages 3 to 19. So they say, they offer an ‘international instruction ‘ . The International Baccalaureate is widely distributed, even in the remotest states it ‘s possible to happen an IB school. For illustration in Mongolia, one of the universe ‘s most stray capital metropoliss with a population of merely 800 000 people is the International School of Ulaanbataar ( ISU ) . We can state that pupils have entree to an international educational web, even in the most distant countries of the universe. Like all things in life, it is non without critics. Some people argued that the IB course of study was originally created that kids of diplomats could gain an international grade. So it could merely be accessible to an elect group of pupils. Others say that the Godheads of the plan have other culturally specific pedagogical outlooks, than are present in some parts of the universe. Charter schools. The Charter schools are primary or secondary schools in the United States that receive public money and like other school, besides private contributions. Charter schools are accountable to their patrons to bring forth positive academic consequences. There is some contention over the schools. A recent survey conducted by the Massachusetts Teachers Association found that it ‘s harder for pupils to acquire entree in a charter school. The survey suggests that a charter school merely wants the ‘good pupils ‘ . They even noticed that one out of two charter schools fresher will non do it to their senior twelvemonth. Some argue that charter schools do non force pupils out, but supplying a more strict course of study than other schools. Internationalization of universities. Universities all over the universe are working hard to go international recognized. They try to do this possible by making an international campus or international partnerships. The many motives for the internationalisation are commercial advantage, cognition and linguistic communication acquisition. Many universities are making satellite campuses in states around the Earth. The Erasmus Student Network ( ESN ) A is a non-profit international pupil organisation. Their mission is to stand for international pupils, supply chances for cultural apprehension and self-development under the rule ofA pupils assisting pupils. They have different spouses in 34 states. The Erasmus undertaking started in 1987 and in 1994 there were already 60 subdivisions in 14 states. They predict that in 2013 they ‘ll make 3 million exchange pupils. Virtual instruction. Beyond the creative activity of international campuses, there has been a push to supply online classs. Virtual instruction is presenting classs on the cyberspace. It is non instruction in a schoolroom face-to-face, but it can be associated with schoolroom instruction. Peoples do non hold to travel to the existent category to larn a specific class. It ‘s a signifier of distance instruction. It includes independent survey, every bit good as videoconferencing and other instructional engineerings. The World Bank and the UNESCO There are organisations like the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organisation ( UNESCO ) and the World Bank who are working with developing states to supply support and expertness. From 1990 to 2009 the World Bank Lent over more than 7 billion dollars for instruction undertakings in 106 states. One undertaking is the Second Higher Education Project ( HEP2 ) in Vietnam. On the site of the World Bank ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldbank.org ) stands, that the end is to increase the quality of learning and research to better the employability of alumnuss in Vietnam. The World Bank supports non merely higher instruction, but besides undertakings for primary, secondary and information communicating engineering instruction. Presently there are active undertakings in states such as Argentina, Cambodia and Egypt. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organisation ( UNESCO ) works to advance entree to instruction. Many of UNESCO ‘s partnerships are with other UN bureaus, it does spouse with the World Bank. UNESCO besides works together with transnational corporations to assist accomplish its end, conveying instruction to all. A few possible transnational information engineering companies are Microsoft and Intel. They help to supply audience, engineering, partnership and the support for undertakings. Non-governmental Organizations In the past 20 old ages at that place has been an tremendous growing in non-governmental organisations ( NGO ‘s ) . Many of them want to recommend for planetary issues such as instruction, poorness decrease and human rights. Despite that these organisations are working at the basic degree, they have had an tremendous impact on the manner the universe is making concern. One of those organisations is the Women ‘s Global Education Project ( WGEP ) , in Senegal and Kenya. It was founded in 2003 and it says that everyone is entitled to an instruction, irrespective of gender or economic position. This undertaking will guarantee that adult females and misss can construct up better lives. Their main plan, Sisters-to-School, provides scholarship for misss to go to school. They are besides supplying tutoring in accomplishing an instruction. The Sisters-to-School plans impact more than 3000 misss, adult females and households. Three positions of planetary instruction in the United States It ‘s non of import to inquire what footings are being used in instruction, but more of import is to see what ‘s the vision and the intent and how it will impact our kids in the hereafter. World powers. This position assumed that the most of import fact of life was the struggle between world powers and the universe hegemony. William J. Benneth, who was the U.S. secretary of instruction, spoke in his address of 5 December 1986 about the demand to larn every bit much as possible about the universe. Those are the planetary duties of the United States as a planetary power. He suggested that planetary instruction should include geographics, foreign linguistic communications, some foreign literature and a good trade of European history. But most of import is that Bennett suggested that the American pupil should larn about American literature, history and particularly democracy. A restriction of this attack is that it ‘s non planetary plenty. There ‘s no instruction about other civilizations or other states. It is really an uncomplete instruction. Global economic. A 2nd position about the demand of planetary instructions handles the international economic competition. Here they say it ‘s non the planetary world power that ‘s the most of import, but it ‘s the economic power, the planetary capitalist economy. It was non the USSR they were afraid of, but the European Union who was quickly deriving economic land. This was non merely economic importance, but besides political, cultural, military, aˆÂ ¦ In 1950 the economic form of the United States was really healthy. But with the events of 11 September 2001 their economical universe crashed. After that some U.S. leaders saw international instruction as a manner to assist keep U.S. economic strength. So they established export instruction plans. The Congress considered that the economic public assistance will depend of the cognition about international economic system, the international accomplishments in the concern community and the consciousness of the internationalisation of their economic system. The southern Governors besides mentioned the job of ‘international illiteracy ‘ in the United States. This will hold a negative consequence on the ability to vie international. In November 1986 came a no-nonsense study that came right to the economic point: Americans have non responded to a basic fact: the best occupations, largest markets, and greatest net incomes belong to those who understand the state with which they are making business.aˆÂ ¦ We operate in a planetary economic system. There are no more guaranteed markets for our goods. We must compete-and to vie we must be able to communicate.aˆÂ ¦ We can non merchandise goods or thoughts unless we understand our clients and they understand us. The consequence was an increased accent in the schools on geographics, international surveies and foreign linguistic communications. There were besides the ‘sister-school ‘ plans and the instructor and pupil exchanges. They even recommended particular educational plans and aid to concerns ( Marciano, J. , 1997 ) . Humanity. A 3rd position is based on the humanity ‘s duty to the persons and the universe. It ‘s about assisting kids all over the universe to understand the mutualist nature of the human universe and besides larn how to hold a originative and responsible portion in it. It besides handles about the effects of doing picks. Not merely the effects to themselves but to the universe. So it ‘s really of import to command the values needed for doing responsible determinations. That ‘s why it is necessary to larn how to believe critically, decide struggles and work out jobs creatively.[ 1 ] Decision Global instruction involves more than merely a basic instruction. When the universe has changed our outlooks and demands besides changed. Students deal with societal issues that make connexions worldwide. Global instruction creates openness to the large universe. It ‘s of import that people know something about the universe and non merely about what lives in their ain societal circles. Global instruction goes farther than cognition, it besides focuses on accomplishments and values so kids take more solidarity actions. When instruction changed, it was of import to detect other signifiers of learning. It was no longer necessary to sit on a chair and watch the chalkboard. Nowadays it ‘s besides possible to analyze behind your computing machine, to make self-study and even to analyze in another state. All this has to be financed. Gradually there came more different schools, like for illustration charter schools and practical schools.Personal remarkAs from I was a small kid, I knew I wanted to make something with people. When I grew taller I realized instruction was something I truly wanted. When I was reading the text I asked myself if it was all planned from the beginning. The unusual thing of all is that about 50 per centum of my schoolmates are working now in the non-profit sector. Can a school or a clump of instructors truly force you subconsciously in a certain way? If I compare my instruction with the instruction of today there ‘s already a large difference. And if my parents saw my instruction, they were besides surprised by the large alterations in merely a few old ages. The twelvemonth after I was graduated there was a new survey, the survey of humanistic disciplines. As we have seen before I think that ‘s the grounds of the ‘third position ‘ . The feelings and motions of people became more and more of import and that was besides seeable in school. There even was a pupil group for the involvements of the pupils. Students could vote who would fall in the group. These pupils could discourse public issues and form things in school. It is even possible to make your last twelvemonth over in another state. Actually I think that ‘s astonishing. I ne'er did it, but if I had the opportunity to make it, I would! It ‘s a great experience that you ‘ll ne'er bury. In my unmarried man instruction I went to the Netherlands for six months. It was a good considered pick, because in all our classs we heard that in the Netherlands they are socially beyond us. The societal sector is more developed than here in Belgium. So because of my hereafter I made the pick to work over at that place. Presents, during interviews, I still hear it ‘s an advantage that I made that pick. Erasmus is non merely of import for larning more about the work, but most of all larning more about you. It ‘s a journey where you learn more about surviving, standing up for yourself, being critical and more independent. In my instructor preparation I besides learned that when you teach, everything has to come from the pupils. It ‘s non the undertaking of the instructor to speak the whole clip, it ‘s the undertaking to take the pupils in the right way. It ‘s non a surprise to see how school has changed the last old ages. It ‘s really logical that everything alterations after seeing what ‘s go oning and needed in other states. As the universe is turning smaller, more and more people want to go and work all over the universe. Because of that it ‘s really of import that the grades are recognized everyplace. It ‘s necessary that when you get your grade in Belgium, it ‘s besides valid in other states. It ‘s interesting to see how many organisations are involved in instruction. As a instructor you frequently merely see what ‘s go oning in the schoolroom or inside the school, but everything around it is really unseeable. School is more than merely a instructor, some pupils, a chalkboard and some books. It truly is a concern.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Strategic Management - Essay Example (Ansoff, 1965) Intended strategy is nothing but a plan or an intended course of action thought to be most suitable for achieving predetermined corporate goals. Sometimes, if the situation so desires, a ploy or a manoeuvre, tricky, cheeky or otherwise, to surmount an immediate obstacle or to browbeat a serious competitor; is also called a strategy. The basic concept of strategy is that it is pre-planned in nature and is given a proper shape after a lot of brainstorming. Strategy also determines the basic consistency in behaviour and approach of a particular firm towards the economy in general and the market in which it operates in particular. Strategy also formalises the positioning of the firm in the market. By positioning it is meant how a firm would relate with the external environment and what would be its reaction in case of a change in the parameters of such environment. Some authors are of the opinion that strategy is in a nutshell the basic prism through which an organisation perceives the entire world outside its own internal environment. Content of a strategy is basically an exposition of the current position of the company and the desired status the management would like to attain at the end of the plan period. It is nothing but a detailed brief of where it is now and the broad steps to be taken to reach where it intends to. The context part of a strategy deals in detail with the internal and expected external environment of an organisation and in effect undertakes an extensive SWOT analysis to ensure that the organisation can reach the set targets with least effort. The process part of a strategy actually lays down the timing of different actions and clearly defines who would take part in the actions directly and who would remain in indirect support thus ensuring unity of action and streamlining of efforts to prevent efforts getting wasted by working at

Multiculturism and Youth Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiculturism and Youth Development - Essay Example In addition, it has been observed that two deficits are commonly faced by youth which are more likely based on family and maternal education which plays an important role for them and it has been researched that mothers who are graduated have the least number of deficits. Another category of people are facing deficits like exPeriencing physical abuse and some Of them are likely victims of violence. Furthermore, one of the main reasons of such development growth is lack of material possessions or in other words poverty but poverty is not counted as a deficit because the research shows that interference of poverty in young people lives shows greater risk of adverse behaviors and insecure future. Risks of adverse behavior have become popular in different cultures which lead to disaffected and rebellious act. Most of the young people are experimenting unknown consequences of such acts by making up their permanent lifestyle. It is likely to be known as risky behavior because this indicate s that youth is on more serious and persecute path which can be unhealthy or dangerous for them such as depression which can leads to suicide or getting drunk. People of younger generation often indulge with others as well which can be high risk behavior pattern. One third of younger generation often indulge in none of such high risk behaviors where as females are fewer then males in young people category and they are often involved in multi risk taking patterns, minority of young people lives have become disastrous because of multiple risky patterns but as compared to the younger people, older people are reported more to be engaged in high risk behavior. However, these groups are divided into different types of communities and most of the times a group of young people in different community are not Getting engaged with high risk taking behavior. More importantly the average numbers of people who are not involved in this behavior of the most protect youth are also reported in such an act. People living in villages or farms and in country are least likely to experience problem in risk

Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead - Essay Example Roughly a hundred pounds overweight, stuffed with steroids and ill with an encumbering autoimmune illness, Joe Cross is unable to find hope. Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead is an inspirational and a moving documentary film that records Cross personal undertaking to gain back his fitness and health. With doctors and medication incapable to provide lasting help, Cross is left with no choice but to rely on the body's capability to cure itself. He throws the junk food out of the window and travels all across America with a juicer and generator, declaring to drink only fresh fruit and vegetable juice for the following two months. Lugubriously overweight and so close to death’s door, Phil Staples starts his personal journey to live a normal healthy life once again. What arises is astoundingly remarkable, an inspirational story of recovery and human relationship. Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead present an exceptional and heartening tale of two individuals from two different worlds that, with a c ommon goal, unite. This movie has undoubtedly opened my eyes to the reality of obesity in our society. It is a serious condition and has serious effects. There are so many people in this world right now who are suffering from overweightness. They must take action right away before their downhill path gets any worse. The consequences of obesity are great and sometimes, irreversible. Sickness and illnesses, susceptibility to heart diseases and cancer are far greater than people with a healthy weight. Discipline and the determination are the key aspects that will surely help one in regaining their health and the many years they have lost due to obesity. Your lifestyle is of utmost importance because it determines your everyday life. It defines who you are and what you are capable of. However, most importantly, your lifestyle determines how long you will live.

Survey discussion board 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey discussion board 4 - Essay Example by Kim, it was revealed that outsourcing is actually opted as a viable strategy to achieve the following benefits: â€Å"(1) lowering of costs for the outsourcing party, (2) compensation for lack of internal expertise, (3) freeing of managerial and governing personnel to focus on their core competencies and high level issues, and (4) availability of best-in-class practices and the latest technology† (Kim 1). However, the legal issues that need to be taken into account by the outsourcing organization inlcude addressing the terms of the outsourcing agreement (which should clearly and explicitly stipulate the services that are to be provided, the warranties, any disclaimers, and addressing unforeseen events), ownership concerns, privacy and confidentiality issues, jurisdicational concerns particularly affecting the countries where the organization intends to outsource the identified tasks, termination concerns on the agreement, and finally, statutory concerns (Kim). From here, it could be deduced that the outsourcing organization need to prepare additional resources to cater to legal costs that require the preparation of legal documents, as well as the need to address any impending legal concerns that would results from outsourcing. One of the ethical and moral concerns that face the outsourcing organization is addressing the 120 people in South Carolina center that would be displaced, retrenched or simply loses their jobs. As employer, the organization has ethical and moral obligations to ensure that appropriate labor laws are observed and applied to the best interests, not only of the new client, but more so, of the affected employees and the organization, as a whole. Other moral and ethical implications include the need to ensure that the services to be provided are at par with those provided by the South Carolina center but was justified by the lower costs of labor; that the cultural disparities are appropriately addressed, including any language or

Jaw the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jaw the movie - Essay Example To connect scenes, they chose most stimulating, startling and moving ways. Use of conflict is reflected when Brody fear is the opposite of his goal to kill the shark. He fears water, which is less dangerous as compared with confronting a shark. Though Brody is a hero, issues of imperfect marriage is brought in. This creates a platform to show that problems need solutions. Brody and his wife Ellen fail to agree on moving from the town to a nicer place. The wife wants a better life. Thus, problems arise. Use of suspense is well demonstrated; Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb used suspense to drive the story (King). This is best done when a series of disasters are linked together. In the story, Brody and other characters are trying to find the shark and stop it â€Å"but what we are really waiting for is that next shark kill† (the jaw script). Urgency alert is well presented, Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb chose 4 July weekend â€Å"That is the biggest weekend of the year, the weekend all the tourist show up. And it’s coming soon!† (Jaws Script) The urgency comes in when the hero, Brody is expected to find the shark and kill it before the weekend. Memorable characters are brought in the story to spice it up. Quint is one of the characters used in the Jaws. The characters are always secondary characters and are depicted differently from other characters in the story (King). They act differently, chat in a unique way. He must be a character who seeks live in his own world as opposed to the other characters. Quint is best placed he is exceptional as compared with the rest of the characters in the story. Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb have made Hero’s goal as hard as possible. However, the solution to the ranking problem (shark attack) could have been easily solved by closing down the beach they did not allow that to happen. To overturn the

Thorncrown Chapel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thorncrown Chapel - Essay Example Comparing two researches concerning the impasse on the hermeneutic of sacred building from the building itself, opposed to culture, social and personal understandings. According to Berger, hermeneutic of sacred architecture ought to reflect in the architect’s signs and symbols themselves (98). Thorncrown chapel glass wall gives the people inside the outdoor feeling unlike the regular church setting. Moreover, acknowledging church as a heaven icon, Thorncrown frequent more tourist than worshipers. It has become a stop point to millions of visitors each year. Additionally, the number of wedding bookings in Thorncrown increase day in day out. The image of redemption, divine energy, Gods present and glow as portrayed in Catholic Church is reduced into a feeling of nature. In consideration of hermeneutic approach that might solve Jones’ lack of architectural hermeneutics in his designs, practice will involve implementation of hermeneutic architectural symbols and archetypes by the earlier architects mentioned in â€Å"Sacred Space† (Berger et al 117-121). These symbols can be referred as the sacramental use of architecture knowledge in providing the optimal heavenly

Debut albums Essay Example for Free

Debut albums Essay High School. Those two words can either bring fear or happiness to anyone. Besides college, the most life altering period in one’s lifetime is the four years we must go through to finally reach that milestone of getting a diploma. High school is that time to find yourself. It’s that time where you’re expected to conduct yourself like an adult, but you still get treated like a kid, a time of confusion. Because I cannot speak for everybody’s opinions about high school, I will just share mine. I’ve realized that there is no other place in this world where you will find such a large array of people other than a public high school. You have your jocks, your honors students, your geeks, your goths, your skaters, your princesses (a. k. a. cheerleaders), your drama kids, and then you have those kids that don’t really fit into any other category but â€Å"you know, those kids. † Logically, you would think that there is absolutely no way all of those different types of people could get along, but for some unknown reason we do. School is like a whole other separate community, a business community. The C. E. O. and head honchos are the main office, the teachers are the workers, and we students are merely the entrepreneurs. With that said, I have figured out a reason on why we all get along. Every entrepreneur does what they do for all the same reasons, just like all of us students attend school for the same thing. Of course some of us attend more voluntarily than others but nevertheless, we all show up every morning for the same reason. We show up to learn, to prepare ourselves for the real world and what is to come. Most of us show up to better our chances of succeeding in education after high school. Another thing I’ve learned about high school is that for a place that is supposed to be all good and fun and educational, there sure are a lot of things that aren’t. The food isn’t good, the stressful work isn’t fun, and some classes might be educational but I sure don’t understand why the heck I have to take them, like Introduction to Animal Sciences for example. How is that helping me be prepared for the real world? However, because of these problems in the system of just about every high school, I’ve learned possibly the most valuable lessons of all: Life isn’t fair, you don’t always get what you want, and you can’t change people. The point of me telling you all of this isn’t to say what a great learning experience I’ve had or how I know that my way of life has been shaped by my experiences in school, but rather to point out that you can’t always focus on the differences, or the negatives in life, but instead to realize what you have in common, or what is good.

Enlightenment and Modernism in Art

Enlightenment and Modernism in Art Some people would describe the period of Modernism the latest and absolutely new movement in art, which appeared in 1850s and lasted until the 1970s. However, if looking at this period of time more careful, it becomes obvious that it is not just an art movement, it is the whole worlds evolution within different contexts. I would say an epoch of Modernism is the start point of not only the worlds biggest changes and revolutions but also of human minds evolution. This essay is showing my review of the topic What is Modernism. First part of it contains the explanation of my own understandings of the modernist period of 1850-1970s, based on research I have produced. My second part includes a review of selected Modernist object that I have found in Victoria and Albert Modernist permanent collection when visiting a museum. In this part I described The Festival Pattern Group of 1951, its historical relation to my timeline and the wallpaper Boric Acid 8.34 as a particular example from the mu seums collection. The third part is a paragraph concerning the description of The Beatles band and their album Let It Be within the context of You say you want a Revolution (1966-1970) exhibition. In addition to my review, I also explained my own appeal to those objects and why I considered they are important to write about. Conclusion is the last part of my essay that is summarizing all parts together in a thought-provoking way. The period of Enlightenment or in other words, the Age of Reason, is time when politics, philosophy, science, and communications were radically reoriented. Philosophers argued the human natures origin, scientists invented new technologies, and politicians were involved in revolutions where wars took place (Crouch, 1999). During this period of time many intellectuals achieved great accomplishments and contribution. For example, Sir Francis Bacon1, an English philosopher, argued that people should avoid misleading tendencies that distort truths. As a result, he became one of the leading figures in the English Scientific Revolution (The Enlightenment: Sir Francis Bacon, 2017). Another significant philosopher-mathematician who influenced rationalism was Rene Descartes2. Both of them are considered as Fathers of the Enlightenment (Biography Online, 2017). Age of Reason affected Christianity, and as a result, two distinguishable schools of religion occurred: Rational supernaturalism and De ism (Newworldencyclopedia.org, 2017). At the same time there was an anti-religious innovation when people argued that universe determines its own course, rather than with the help of Gods intervention (Newworldencyclopedia.org, 2017). Moreover, it was time of experimentation and reason, questions and answers. The Enlightenment was a period when the solar system was completely discovered with the help of Newtons theory of universal gravitation (Mo Lea, 2016). The French Revolution of 1789 was a political outcome of the Age of Reason when Louis XVI was executed and Napoleon Bonaparte began his dictatorship (Mo Lea, 2016). Culmination of the Enlightenment led to the bloody terror. In the decades surrounding all these revolutions and violence, the visual arts, like other realms of culture, experienced radical change and experimentation. An epoch after Enlightenment is an epoch of Modernism. In Art History the period of Modernism started in 1850s and lasted for 120 years until the 1970s (Crouch, 1999). It is time of re-appropriation, rejection of tradition in light of new social and political advances created in the industrialized world (Mo Lea, 2016). When comparing the works before and after this period, a dramatic change can be seen: realistic images changed to abstract representations of subject. This is mostly due to invention of the first Kodak camera by George Eastman in 1888 (Kodak.com, 2017). Before the invention of photography, the primary role of the painter was to record people and events as accurately as possible. However, now artists could start experimenting with aesthetics the philosophy of beauty (Visual-arts-cork.com, 2017). Moreover, they grouped into movements according to their particular aesthetics. There are many discussions on who is the modern arts founder: is it Edouard Manet3 (1832-1883) or Paul Cezanne5 (1839-1906) (Jones, 2017). Personally, I consider both of them as Fathers of Modernism. Paul Cezanne did much afford to develop new kind of artistic-analytical practice that led to abstract art. Moreover, his works directly inspired Picasso and Braque in Cubist experiments (The Art Story, 2017). Edouard Manets painting Luncheon on the Grass6 (1863) was shocking and obscene. Furthermore, this paintings technique was contrary to the accepted academic style which also led to new modernist representation of objects (Manet.org, 2017). Freedom of expression and primitivism with bizarre effects are characteristic to Modernism era (Crouch, 1999). In addition, if looking at art pieces of different modernist movements, new materials and techniques were used more often. The most decisive events in the world were the WWI (1914-1918) and WWII (1939-1945), which divided up modern art in three groups: Pre-War, Interwar, and Post-War Modern Art. According to this division, the Pre-War art period started with Impressionism (1870-1890) that changed to Post-Impressionism (1880-1905), which gave place to Symbolism (1880s-early 1910), Art Nouveau (late 1880s-1910), Fauvism (1899-1908), Art Deco (1900-1945), Expressionism (1905-1933), Cubism (1907-1922), and Futurism (1909-1920s) (The Art Story, 2017). The year of 1851 is a birth year of first international exhibition of manufactured objects, named as Great Exhibition (later Victoria and Albert Museum) and organized by inventor Henry Cole and Prince Albert in Hyde Park, Britain (Mo Lea, 2016). Sometime later the first practical sound recording and reproduction device, known as mechanical phonograph cylinder was invented (1877) (Mo Lea, 2016). Moreover, by the beginning of 1900th technical manufacture progresse d: the first successful airplane was invented in 1903 (Mo Lea, 2016). An outcome of such inventions was Industrial Revolution. Eiffel Tower became an emblem of engineering and technology built on the 100thanniversary of French Revolution (Mo Lea, 2017). The years of WWI and WWII were the most horrific that affected society and the world in whole. In 1917, while Interwar period, there was Russian Revolution and, as a result, new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union with Joseph Stalins leadership (Ducksters.com, 2017). Furthermore, all women were now given equal rights along with men. By early 1921, Adolf Hitler becomes the Nazi Partys Leader (Historyplace.com, 2017). Avant-garde, which is experimental art, was misunderstood and rejected by Communist government and Nazi Party due to that kind of works were not found aesthetically pleasing. Moreover, many works by modern artists were labeled Degenerate and destroyed (Filmfest716, 2017). As speed was becoming the most important thing during this time, modern lifes dynamism influenced artists and new movements occurred: Constructivism (1915-1930s), Dada (1916-1924), De Stijl (1917-1931), Surrealism (1924-1966) (The Art Story, 2017). As there was political instability in a world, many artists represented war and peace in their works, such as Pablo Picassos weeping woman6 painted in 1937 was a kind of his respond to horrific bombing at Guernica, taken place at the time of the Spanish Civil War (Mo Lea, 2016). The most influential art and design school of the 20th century was Bauhaus (1919-1933), established by German architect Walter Gropius. His concept was very revolutionary: he wanted to combine architecture, sculpture and painting with crafts and engineering to create a new style that would unite beauty and usefulness (world, 2017). Many full-length films were produced during this decade, such as Metropolis (1927) German expressionist science-fiction drama directed by Fritz Lang and influenced by Bauhaus, Cubism and Futurism (Mo Lea, 2017). During the Post-War years, more and more artists started moving from Paris to New York. In 1947 Jackson Pollock created new way of abstraction painting through applying layers and drips of opaque paint. Such abstractions were also represented by other artists, which led to new Abstract Expressionist movements establishment (1943-1945). Another group of artists encouraged viewers to use critical thinking when observing absurd abstract works of Neo-Dada movement (1952-1970). As because there were mostly men in art industry, women artists were concerned with equal representation in art institutions; so feminist artists of 1960s combined aspects of various movements into Feminist art works that message about the need of gender equality. Another part of the wider conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s was Pop Art. Artists, such as Andy Warhol, embraced the post-war manufacturing and media boom to create their own style. Alongside with Pop Art, popular was Op Art (1964) that stress ed on illusion. In comparison with long-lasted movements, there were some that lasted for less than a decade, such as Minimalism (1960s) (The Art Story, 2017). However, new ideas and styles were represented not only in paintings and architecture but almost in every medium. Quite popular movement in 1960s was becoming Earth Art, which is sculpting of the land using natural materials, such as rocks (Mo Lea, 2017). One of the most famous land art works is Robert Smithsons Spiral Jetty 7 (1970), which I concern as a very attractive and unique art style. While art world was developing, there were some political instabilities on the background, such as African-American Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Their goal was to stop discrimination concerning education, voting rights, and social segregation (Scholastic.com, 2017). Another important event in US history at Post-War modernist period was Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrins moon landing experience (1969) (Nasa.gov, 2017). By the end of the Modernism period there were many inventions and establishments made, however, it continues to expand in Post-Modern society. Nowadays, there are lots of museums, such as Guggenheim Museum founded in 1937 by Solomon R. Guggenheimand VA Museum in Britain, where people can observe preserved collections. Personally, I am pleased that I had opportunity to visit Victoria and Albert Modernist permanent collection not a long time ago. An exhibition included objects not only from the mid period of Modernism but also from the Post-War years. As the timeframe I was given lies up to the 1970s, I am going to make a review about The Festival Pattern Group of 1951 because in comparison with other projects and movements, this one was the most pleasing that I found. Moreover, I was very amazed with the concept of bringing together science and art. The particular object I found amazing is wallpaper Boric Acid 8.348 designed by William J. Odell and manufactured in 1951 by John Line Sons Ltd for the Festival of Britain (Jackson, 2008). Its design remains the crystalline structure of boric acid (Jackson, 2008). The reason why it appeals to me is because I like its colour scale as much as the whole concept. The print looks fascinating and fashionable, as far as scientific and enigmatic. I like how ye llow, red, white, and dark-green colours work together. Its roots belong to The Festival Pattern Group (FPG) which was an organization formed in 1949 and consisted of 28 manufacturers, X-ray crystallographers and designers working conjointly and inspiring each other (Pattern BeneathThe Surface. The Festival Pattern Group, 2017). According to Mary Schoesers explanations, this project allowed ordinary people get closer to science through the visual language of the patterns of atomic structures (Wellcome Collection, 2008). As the years after WWII were the years of turmoil, British government wanted to make people feel recovered. So in 1951 FPG was the subject of an exhibition at the Festival of Britain. Banham and Hillier (1976) outline that Festival of Britain was considered by people differently: to some, it was a glorious monument to the future; however, others called it a tawdry carnival and were worried that it will set British design on the wrong course for years. However, in the words of Sir Gerald Barry, Director-General of the Festival, it provided A Tonic to the Nation (Stewart, 1987). As my chosen object relates to FPG, I would say that its aim turned out really well, especially by the example of wallpapers that bring science and design together. In addition, even scientists, whose names were not credited in order to protect their scientific reputations, were positively astonished with the result (Jackson, 2008). In my opinion, the particular object I described is very distinctive and deserves to be a part of VA Modernist permanent collection. As because 1950s and 1960s were decades of rapid change, it is important to show people that good design ideas can come from absolutely every field. As one of the advantages, manufacturers wanted to increase Britains export power through production of new, intriguing patterns for textiles, wallpapers, floor coverings etc. Such production promoted increased interest in exploring micro materials and nanotechnology, which is fully developed nowadays (Festival Pattern Group, 2017). It proved that science and art can match and truly impact each other. The historical background of the Fifties and Sixties was vast. One of the most important events in British history is the date of Queen Elizabeths II coronation that happened on the 2nd June 1953. Almost every aspect of society was affected by revolutionary changes: teenagers were given a voice and freedom to do what they wanted, so drugs became more commonly used. Very influential ideology was becoming feminism: more jobs became available to young women. Moreover, they were free to wear attractive mini. By the late 1960s very vivid colours and prints were more popular, that became considered as a hippie style (The 1960s. The Decade That Shook Britain. 2017). In conclusion of this part I would say that such revolutionary Modernist ages continue up to nowadays. Furthermore, 1951 Festival of Britain and FPGs collection, which we can observe today in Victoria and Albert museum, is only one of the examples of how British design evolved. There are many exhibitions taken place at the VA museum and one of the most recent ones is You say you want a Revolution of 1966-1970. In this part of my essay I am going to write a review about the influence of the popular musical band The Beatles9and their album Let It Be in particular. I really love the expression by composer Aaron Copland: If you want to know about the Sixties, play the music of the Beatles. (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). I strongly believe that all those revolutions that took place in different areas, such as fashion, music, festivals or human rights protests between the years of 1966 and 1970 shaped our modern society in the way we live today. The Beatles started their career in Liverpool in 1960 and the band consisted of four members: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The Beatles are an excellent example of how music influenced younger generation of Sixties. Recreational drugs, such as marijuana and LSD were widely experienced by the band members and, as a result, by their followers. What is in common nowadays relating drugs, in my opinion, is that it is very difficult for people in show business to avoid becoming involved in a drug world and the saddest thing is that it encourages youth to follow their idols. In the decade of 1960s, LSD made people feel happy and, in addition, it promoted hippie movement (The 1960s. The Decade That Shook Britain. 2017). Moreover, the bands thick moustaches and longer hair were a marker of the hippy style that exists even nowadays (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). John Lennons song Give Peace a Chance showed people the pointless of war, and, as a result, young people of hippie movement started pursuing peace and freedom (The 1960s. The Decade That Shook Britain. 2017). Even if their career did not last long, the Beatles success definitely inspired society to start experimenting. Their last album Let It Be, recorded in May 1970, one month after the Beatles had broken up, shows visually their distinct separation: there are four individual portraits of band members on the album cover (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). The idea behind the album was meant to capture them singing live in the studio without any effects, however, due to re-production of the tracks, the idea was later changed by their producer (The Beatles, 2017). In my point of view, The Beatles is a legendary band that is still unforgotten and is still loved by many people in the world.ÂÂ   I am sure that if something was considered as a legend in a past, will definitely stay legend in the future. So, the exhibition You say you want a Revolution could not show all the revolutionary changes and impacts in the world without having the Beatlesstory and albums exhibited there. The importance of band being mentioned on the exhibition is very necessary due to it helps to understand the real scale of its influence on society. The affect of Beatles can be considered in three ways. Firstly, they affected society socially and culturally by bringing hippies together through music and festivals. Secondly, there was a political affect on society: spreading of drug culture and peace movements. Lastly, their intellectual affect promoted new beliefs showing people new ways of life. (Worldwide Hippies, 2017). The reason why I chose to write a review just about this particular band is because I love their music due to even while listening to their songs now, in modern society, their music still makes me dreaming of a better world. To sum up, the VAs exhibition You say you want a revolution made me feel deeply the years of 1966-1970. The content was very cognitive and visually representative: I could observe all the developments from the civil rights to multiculturalism, from the permissive society to feminism and gay liberation, from environmentalism to communality. In conclusion of my essay, I would like to highlight that an epoch of Enlightenment and Modernism was a period of re-appropriation, rejection, and revolution. From the architectural point of view, the start point of Modernism was the construction of Eiffel Tower and its end point was building up the Pompidou an iconic landmark in Paris that contains over 50000 works of art, including paintings, sculpture, drawings, and photography (Mo Lea, 2017). Moreover, I would consider the Modernism as one the most important time periods in history due to many inventions were created, crucial events took place, and variety of outcomes happened within different contexts. Such cultural processes and developments gave us our world of rapid communication, urbanization, and consumer goods. Each decade of the modernist timeframe influenced society differently. My favourite time period of Modernism is the decade of Fifties and Sixties because these years are Post-War years of recovery and big social re volutions. My review of The Festival Pattern Group and The Beatles serve as an evidence of that. Each of them represented different cultural impact alongside with development of new ideology. Both of them served as recovery for people: objects made by The Festival Pattern Group were exhibited at the Festival of Britain, which was a diversion for people that helped to forget about horrifying years of war; The Beatles were considered to be idols for youth, nevertheless taking drugs. If we are talking about the period from 1850s until 1970s, so we are talking about revolutionary term. I would like to sum up my essay with Charles Dickens interpretation of this vast period (Broackes and Marsh, 2016): It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct to other way 1. (Francis Bacon n.d.) 2. (Rene Descartes n.d.) 5. (Luncheon on the Grass by Edouard Manet 1863) 7. (Gorgoni n.d.) 8. (Boric Acid 8.34 1951) 9. (The Beatles n.d.)

An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay

An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay The France government is a semi presidential system which follows the fifth republic of the French constitution. The France declares them as the secular, social, individual and democratic republic. The government of France divides into a legislative, a judicial branch and an executive. The prime minister shares the executive powers with the president. Parliament consists of the Senate and the national assembly. It passes vote and statutes on the budget and it also controls the works of the executive through questioning in the parliament house and by organizing enquiry commission. The members of the constitutional council are appointed by the president of national assembly, the president of the senate and the president of the republic. The judiciary system of the France is based on the civil law system which was evolved from Napoleonic codes. The judiciary system is divided into the administrative code and the judicial branch. They have their own supreme court of appeal like Conseil d à ©tat for the administrative purpose and Court of Cassation for judicial purpose. The French government also has various bodies to check whether the powers are abused by anyone or not. France was also the founding member of the European Union. (introduction) History France was one of an earliest country which changes from feudalism to nation state. The monarchs of the France were surrounded with the capable ministers. French armies were the most disciplined, professional and innovative of their day. The dominant power in Europe was France during the power of Louis XIV from year 1643 to 1715. In the 18th century, the Louis government faced financial problem due to the military campaigns and overly ambitious projects. The main causes of French revolution during the year 1789 to 1794 were resentment against the political system and deteriorate economic conditions. Although the revolutionaries follow egalitarian and republican principles of government but the French government reverted to form constitutional monarchy about four times. The four monarchial governments were the restoration of Louis XVIII, the empire of Napoleon, the second Empire of napoleon III and the reign of Louis Philippe. The third republic was formed after the Prussian Franco wa r in 1870 and lasted till the defeat of the military in year 1940. During the World War I the great loss of material and troops occurred. France government formed the huge border defenses known as the Maginot Line and alliances to defeat the German strength in the year 1920. Although France was defeated early in the world war III then also they gain the power again in June 1940. In July 1940 France was divided into two sections. One section was ruled by Germens and another was controlled by the Vichy France. But in year 1942, the Italian and German force conquered the France including Vichy region also and formed the allied forces. In 1944, Allied force liberated France after four year of occupation and services. After the world war II France faces new problems. Initially the provisional government was led by Gen. Charles de Gaulle but after the short period of time the fourth republic was formed by the new constitution. It was parliamentary form of government which was controlled b y series of coalitions. The lack of agreement between the French military and the members of the constitution was the main cause of the change of the government. On May 13, 1958 finally the government structure collapsed due to the tremendous pressure which was generated by the four years war with Algeria. In June 1958, fifth republic was formed and General de Gaulle became the prime minister and in December of the same year he was elected as a president. After the seven year in the 20th century, the people of France for the first time got the liberty to elect their president through ballot system. De Gaulle won the election after defeating Francois Mitterrand with 55% share of vote. After elected as a president of the country De Gaulle conducted a referendum which was concern on the creation of twenty one with the less political powers. But this proposal was rejected by the members of the government after that he resigned from his post. After him, Gaullist Georges Pompidou was elec ted as president for year 1969 to 1974 then Valery Giscard dEstaing for year 1974 to 1981. After that Francois Mitterrand was elected for year 1981 to 1995 and then neo-Gaullist Jacques Chirac for year 1995 to 2007. Nicolas Sarkozy was elected in May 2007 as sixth president of France under the fifth republican. It remarks as increasing of social and economic reforms. During the five year term of Sarkozy, he faced tremendous pressure to improve the economy, employment rate and reduce the sizable budget deficit of the government. He has also reintegrated the north Atlantic treaty organization with France. (history of france government) Governmental Structure In year 1958, public referendum approved the constitution of the fifth republic. According to this constitution the president was elected for the seven year term but in 2002 the presidential period of work got reduced to five years. In year 2008, the new constitutional reform was passed again which limits the presidential period to two consecutive terms. The next legislative and presidential elections are scheduled in year 2012. The executive branch of France is consisting of the prime minister, the president, the bureaucracies of many ministries and the government. The president has the right to elect the prime minister, rules over the cabinet and gives the instruction to the armed forces. The president also has right to submit the question to the referendum. At the time of emergency the president has rule by decree and dictatorial powers but with permission of the parliament. The head of the government is prime minister and his cabinet is composed of minister delegates, secretaries of state and number of ministers. Under the fifth republic, president leaves the day to day policy decision to the prime minister and its government. Every year the members of parliament meet once for the nine month session. Under the special situation the president has special right to call the additional session. Even the legislative branch has few executive powers then also the national assembly has power to remove the existing government if the votes of the members are in majority. The parliament of France consists of a Senate and a National Assembly. The principle legislative body of France is national assembly. The members of national assembly are elected for the five year through voting. The Electoral College has the right to choose the senators. In 2003 a new rule is passed the senators will serve for six years but one half of the members will be renewed after three years. The legislative powers of the senators are limited as compared to the national assembly. Initially the government has power to solve the agenda of parliament but after the constitutional reform which was passed in 2008 parliament got the right to solve their own agenda. In July 2008, a new constitutional reform was passed which limited the process to one bill in each session, finance on the social security and to the vote for the national budget. Impact assessment is necessary from the September 2009, for all the draft laws which is going to the parliament and the council state. The best feature of the judicial system of the French is that the council of state protects the basic rights when it is violated by the action of the state and constitutional council protects the basic laws when it is violated by the new laws. The function of the constitutional council is different from the council of state and they provide the justice to the citizens who have claimed against the administration. There are various ordinary courts such as the criminal courts, the police courts, the industrial courts and the commercial courts which settle the disputes which arise between the citizens and also between the corporation and the citizens. The cases which were judged by the ordinary court can be reviewed by the court of appeals. Political system On May 16, 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy joined the office under the Fifth republic as the sixth president. On April 22, 2007 during the first round of election, Nicolas Sarkozy placed first, the head of the Union for popular movement party. The Segolene Royal, the candidate of socialist, placed second. Francois Bayrou of centrist placed third and Jean Marie Le pen of extremist was placed fourth. In the second round of the election on May 6, 2007, Sarkozy defeated Segolene Royal by 53.06%. The defeat of Royal in the presidential election was the third largest defeat of the any Socialist candidate. The focal point of the campaign of the Sarkozys party was to implement the various reform like economic and market oriented reforms. After electing as the president he first gave the green signal to implement these reforms and worked on the European Union treaty which was rejected in the year 2005. The voters of France also show their desire to renew the France and United state relationship. The pre sident Sarkozy basically concentrate on improving the performance of the economy of France through labor market liberalization, taxes and higher education. During the legislative elections which was held on July 10, 2007, the UMP won by the large majority. This gives them an advantage during the European Parliament election in year 2007. They won by 27.88% from the Socialists. During the first year of service, Sarkozy removed the income taxes on the overtime works and increase the pension period of the retirees. (political system) Conclusion The France government follows the semi presidential system. The French government divides into the three parts. One is legislative, other is executive and last one is judicial. The France president has degree of the executive powers. The prime minister which is appointed by the president has highest number of executive powers. Then we studied the history of the France government before the World War II and the till now. Then we discuss the governmental structure of the France government. It is consist of the prime minister, president and the Member of Parliament. The parliament of France consists of the national assembly and the senate. The member of the national assembly was elected for the five years and the member of senate was elected for the six years. The judiciary system of France consists of the various local and the supreme courts which solve various types of problems at each level. Then the political structure of France government is discussed. The political structure of Fr ance consists of various political parties like UMP, extremists, socialist etc.

Essay --

EFL students always have comprehension problems in listening for many complicated reasons. The listening materials are considered to be too fast and variable for EFL students, especially for the beginning language learners. Renandya and Farrell (2011) believed that â€Å"any increase in speech rate tends to result in a decrease in comprehension† (p. 53). What’s more, when the speaker modifies the sound or blend several words together when they are speaking, listeners will get confused. When we talk with others outside class, communication seems much easier compared with the in-class formal listening practice, and that is because face-to-face communication is a two-way listening. If we have any difficulty or miss any information, we can easily go back and ask the speaker to speak more slowly and clearly, or to repeat the information. In this case, listening is not that difficult. On the contrary, formal listening exercises are usually one-way tasks; listeners cannot get any extra clue except the listening material itself. This is even more difficult for beginning listeners, and they have nothing to do except following the so-called good listeners’ strategies, which are actually ineffective for them. According to traditional listening researches, the lower-level listener should be able to solve their comprehension problems by themselves with a lot of formal strategy training. However, the reality is a different situation. In this article, Renandya and Farrell (2011) stated that the traditional training of listening strategies is very popular, but many problems still exist. For example, it is a great burden for teachers to acquire many different strategies and theories in order to train their students; and the so-called effective listen... ...few projects; instead, students at different language proficiency levels should have their own listening plans and designs. For those beginning learners, easier and more interesting listening resources would be appropriate. They may listen to kids’ songs; watch cartoons and movies with simpler conversations; listen to podcast; or read latest news that they are interested in and communicate with their classmates and friends. Their focus should be on fluency and adequacy. For those at higher proficiency level, more complicated video and audio resources could be a good try, and they may also focus on complexity. Teachers should also notice that, extensive listening does not only refer to outside class and self-monitoring activities. Teachers must take charge of some tasks in order to better control the effect and guide students to practice toward the correct direction.