George Washington :: essays research papers

The eldest of six children from his fathers second marriage, George chapiter was born into the landed gentry in 1732 at Wakefield Plantation, VA. Until reaching 16 years of age, he lived there and at other plantations along the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers, including the one that later became known as Mount Vernon. His education was rudimentary, probably being obtained from tutors only possibly also from private schools, and he learned surveying. After he lost his father when he was 11 years old, his half-brother Lawrence, who had served in the august Navy, acted as his mentor. As a result, the youth acquired an interest in pursuing a naval career, but his mother discouraged him from doing so.At the age of 16, in 1748, Washington joined a surveying party sent out to the Shenandoah Valley by Lord Fairfax, a land baron. For the next few years, Washington conducted surveys in Virginia and present West Virginia and gained a lifetime interest in the West. In 1751-52 he also accompa nied Lawrence on a visit he made to Barbados, West Indies, for health reasons just before his death. The next year, Washington began his military career when the royal governor appointed him to an adjutantship in the militia, as a major. That same year, as a gubernatorial emissary, accompanied by a guide, he traveled to Fort Le Boeuf, PA, in the Ohio River Valley, and delivered to French authorities an ultimatum to stop fortification and settlement in English territory. During the trip, he tried to better British relations with various Indian tribes.In 1754, winning the rank of surrogate colonel and then colonel in the militia, Washington led a force that sought to challenge French control of the Ohio River Valley, but met defeat at Fort Necessity, PA - an event that helped trigger the French and Indian War (1754-63). Late in 1754, irked by the dilution of his rank because of the pending arrival of British regulars, he resigned his commission. That same year, he leased Mount Verno n, which he was to inherit in 1761.In 1755 Washington reentered military service with the courtesy title of colonel, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, and barely break loose death when the French defeated the generals forces in the Battle of the Monongahela, PA. As a reward for his bravery, Washington rewon his colonelcy and command of the Virginia militia forces, charged with defending the colonys frontier.

A Feminist Reading of the Tempest Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespe

William Shakespeares The agitation provides dialogue that portrays the social expectations and stereotypes imposed upon wo hands in Elizabethan times. even though the play has only one primary female character, Miranda, the play also includes other women Sycorax, although she does not play as large a roll. During many another(prenominal) scenes, the play illustrates the characteristics that represent the type woman within Elizabethan society. These characteristics support the fact that men considered women as a mere object that they had the luxury of owning and were nowhere near equal to them. Feminists can interpret the play as a depiction of the prejudiced treatment of women and would disagree with many of the characteristics and expectations that make Miranda the ideal woman. From this perspective, The tempest can be used to objectify the common expectations and treatment of women within the 16th and seventeenth Centuries and compare and contrast to those of today.This play p ortrays the women as fragile and deplorable beings. When Miranda is intercommunicateing to Ferdinand she is allowing him to see her as quite vulnerable, which will allow him to view here exactly as that.At mind unworthiness, that dare not abide/What I desire to lapse, and much less take(3.2.77-78). She goes on to say, If not, Ill die your maid. To be your fellow/You may deny me, further Ill be your servant/Whether you will or no(3.2.83-86). This play is portraying Miranda as a lamentable woman who would rather be a servant to a man that wont marry her she would rather be his maid than live without him. Mirandas character in the play represents the ideal woman of Elizabethan era. She is depicted as a goddess among the men. Most sure, the goddess/Oh whom these airs attend(1.2.425-426). Fer... ...n her mind is more significant than his words. It is an example of the patriarchal society that they live in although he is her father and has the parental power over her he would mo st likely not speak to a son in such a mortifying tone. He makes her seem to be slow, as if she cannot carry on a conversation or listen to him, which is quite demeaning. The disturbance portrays women as beings that accept the ideal role that they are expected to take on by the request of the men. The way Miranda is portrayed as a goddess, maid, or virgin, is what she makes herself to be. The play does not give women the voice that they deserve, it makes them out to be prized possessions for men to brag about and share. From a feminist prospective, The Tempest portrays an Elizabethan society that doesnt give women a voice, but rather ways on how to be the ideal woman for men to possess. A Feminist Reading of the Tempest Essay -- Literary Analysis, ShakespeWilliam Shakespeares The Tempest provides dialogue that portrays the social expectations and stereotypes imposed upon women in Elizabethan times. Even though the play has only one primary female character, Mirand a, the play also includes another women Sycorax, although she does not play as large a roll. During many scenes, the play illustrates the characteristics that represent the ideal woman within Elizabethan society. These characteristics support the fact that men considered women as a mere object that they had the luxury of owning and were nowhere near equal to them. Feminists can interpret the play as a depiction of the sexist treatment of women and would disagree with many of the characteristics and expectations that make Miranda the ideal woman. From this perspective, The Tempest can be used to objectify the common expectations and treatment of women within the 16th and 17th Centuries and compare and contrast to those of today.This play portrays the women as fragile and pathetic beings. When Miranda is speaking to Ferdinand she is allowing him to see her as quite vulnerable, which will allow him to view here exactly as that.At mind unworthiness, that dare not offer/What I desire to give, and much less take(3.2.77-78). She goes on to say, If not, Ill die your maid. To be your fellow/You may deny me, but Ill be your servant/Whether you will or no(3.2.83-86). This play is portraying Miranda as a pathetic woman who would rather be a servant to a man that wont marry her she would rather be his maid than live without him. Mirandas character in the play represents the ideal woman of Elizabethan era. She is portrayed as a goddess among the men. Most sure, the goddess/Oh whom these airs attend(1.2.425-426). Fer... ...n her mind is more important than his words. It is an example of the patriarchal society that they live in although he is her father and has the parental power over her he would most likely not speak to a son in such a demeaning tone. He makes her seem to be slow, as if she cannot carry on a conversation or listen to him, which is quite demeaning. The Tempest portrays women as beings that accept the ideal role that they are expected to take on by the requ est of the men. The way Miranda is portrayed as a goddess, maid, or virgin, is what she makes herself to be. The play does not give women the voice that they deserve, it makes them out to be prized possessions for men to brag about and share. From a feminist prospective, The Tempest portrays an Elizabethan society that doesnt give women a voice, but rather ways on how to be the ideal woman for men to possess.

The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication

An beings ability to put out is not limited to the number of resources available exactly even more importantly the organisms ability to fight off infections. Immunity is matchless of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and cheer itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the out product line of defense such as tegument and mucous membranes, an organisms body is eternally fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune reaction. There are several(prenominal) ways a body prevents specific antigens from debut the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that acknowledge the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an incendiary response is set into motion to prohibit either further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-micr obial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. each organisms are born with immunity which is comm single referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organisms most important take a hop of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or afterwards birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune establishment develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies meridian immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23282-288.Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune functio n across generations desegregation mechanism and evolutionary process in agnate antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 2702309-2319.Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. parental transfer of antibodies in vertebrates trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 36451-60.King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are motherly antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic emergence of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5e9639.Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 751154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its ImplicationAn organisms ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organisms ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organ ism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organisms body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. Ho wever, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organisms most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23282-288.Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 2702309-2319.Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 36451-60.King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5e9639.Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 751154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its ImplicationAn organisms ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organisms ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organisms body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a f oreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organisms most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breas t feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23282-288.Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 2702309-2319.Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 36451-60.King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5e9639.Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alat alo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 751154-1164.

Characteristics of an Exceptional Manager :: MBA College Admissions Essays

Characteristics of an Exceptional Manager Describe the characteristics of an exceptional manager. Illustrate how his or her management trend has influenced you. In management consulting, strong uninflected skills are valued as much as, if not more than, effective managerial and leadership skills. Unfortunately, for some consultants, these characteristics, at times, are mutually exclusive. I was fortunate, however, to work with name on my first major project at consulting firm. As my project-manager, he demonstrated a superior conspiracy of leadership, managerial, and communication skills. As a result of our interaction, I learned several important lessons and tools that I used on subsequent projects to improve my effectiveness as a team leader. To begin, name is a true leader who exhibits courage and dedication. A powerful trait rarely found in the realm of business, courage is alone(p) in its ability to unify and motivate people. Moreover, his courage is balanced appropriate ly with professionalism, strong values, and humility. He is sensitive to others feelings and recognizes that different people require different types of heed and treatment. Although he often works with diverse and difficult groups, he always seems able to reach consensus and create a shared vision and purpose. Furthermore, he excels at establishing priorities and proactively setting direction. As an effective manager, name also is able to translate his broad direction into discrete, tangible tasks. Since consultants often use difficult or creative analytical approaches, clearly articulating tasks and defining outputs is very important. In addition, he exercises the appropriate level of supervision. Rather than micro-managing his team members, name establishes clear accountabilities and expectations and pushes work down to the correct level. As a result, he creates a strong sense of ownership and leverages the skills of his team members. Furthermore, he excels at creating a support ive environment and, when necessary, coaching team members to help them surface new skills. Finally, name is a masterful communicator. He is the only project manager I have had who gave me consistent and constructive feedback, importantly, both positive and negative. Such feedback not only provides clear developmental objectives, but also signals to others that he values their contributions. This type of balanced and open communication quickly forms the foundation of mutual cuss and respect. Furthermore, name excels in the art of negotiation and debate. He states his points with remarkable precision and is expert at remaining objective and recognizing all sides of an argument.

Essay example --

The complexity of law fascinates me. Law has changed throughout time and continues to vastly affect our everyday lives, whether we grasp it or not. We live in a world of very diverse cultures and backgrounds in which I am greatly intrigued by how law moves amongst. As I have realised this, my keenness to direct the subject has grown. I wish to learn in depth, the structures, ways and reasons in which these are enforced throughout the different modules. Studying Economics at A-Level has authentic my essay writing skills so I am able to argue by analysing and evaluating relevant points in a topic. It has also enlightened me with certain make of law and decisions made by the government and businesses on civilisation, whereas from ICT I have developed a solid understanding of an area which is playing an increasingly grave role in todays society around the world. Textiles has not just acknowledged me on the making process of garments, it has given me the business understanding of fina nce and advertizing aspects of it.Secondary school gave me the opportunity to take a 2 weeks wo...

Essay example --

The complexity of law fascinates me. Law has changed passim time and continues to vastly affect our popular lives, whether we grasp it or not. We live in a world of very diverse cultures and backgrounds in which I am greatly intrigued by how law moves amongst. As I have realised this, my keenness to study the subject has grown. I wish to learn in depth, the structures, ways and reasons in which these are enforced throughout the different modules. Studying Economics at A-Level has developed my essay writing skills so I am able to argue by analysing and evaluating relevant points in a topic. It has also enlightened me with certain effects of law and decisions made by the government and businesses on civilisation, whereas from ICT I have developed a self-colored understanding of an area which is playing an increasingly important role in todays society around the world. Textiles has not just acknowledged me on the making serve up of garments, it has given me the business understandin g of finance and advertisement aspects of it.Secondary school gave me the opportunity to take a 2 weeks wo...

James Madison

At a time when only 12% of the American people possess a substantiative attitude towards the current job that our representatives in Congress are doing, it would behoove those who believe that presidential term is completely out of touch with the needs of its people and that slide fastener good ever came out of government. In American history, there are hundreds of examples to the unregenerate. Out of these numerous examples coiffures mavin of the nigh underrated of them all James capital of Wisconsin. Secretary of stir under doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson, instrumental in the departure of the atomic number 57 Purchase, the re spick-and-spanal of the charter for the national bank, a two term President and intrigue scatter of the founding of the country, James capital of Wisconsin is one of the more or less important figures in American history.James Madison became involved in the formation of a new nation the United States of America at an early age. At only the age o f 24, Madison served in the Virginia state legislature from 1776, until 1779.1 It was then that Madison became a protg for Thomas Jefferson and the two would work very close together until Jeffersons death fifty years later. The two shared similar beliefs on government. Madison was instrumental, along with the help of Jefferson, in drafting the Declaration of Religious Freedom which disestablished the Church of England and broke up any claims towards power that the church act to check in state matters.One of these was Patrick Henrys push for an involuntary tithe to be paid to the congregation of ones receive choice. Madison and Jefferson believed this to be a violation of the separation of church and state an idea that is not found in the makeup but because of the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, many another(prenominal) believe to this day is actually in the founding of this country. It was and is a belief that many Americans hold very dear to their hearts.While in the State legislature, Madison became a loaded advocate of a strong central government a government which was impossible to flourish under the Articles of Confederation which favored the rights of states and as a result, left an impotent federal government. This sentiment was shared by a large majority of his countrymen at this time who although many were advocates of states rights themselves, knew that the Articles of Confederation could no longer correctly govern the country.A Constitution was written in 1787 and ratified by all thirteen states in the immediately following years.2 Although seen as a foregone conclusion by the casual contemporary observer, our current governments formation was not written in stone. Although a unsure man in private, Madison pushed exceedingly tough for the views and beliefs that he felt in his heart, was in the best interest of the country. Madison was a loud and strong advocate for a three branch government as we have today as well as a strong federal gov ernment who, if needed, could overrule the actions of the states if it was deemed to be a mistake and contrary to the good of the country as a whole.Madison made his opinions known in one of his most famous writings, who with Thomas Jefferson advocated their beliefs about where the government should be headed. In doing so, not only was Madison instrumental in forming a new political caller with Jefferson The Republicans, who would later be known as the Democrat Republicans, but his writings would cement him as one of the most important of the Founding Fathers. Madison verbaliseIn the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to hold against the cabals of a few and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Hence, the number of representatives in the two cases not being in proportion to that of the t wo constituents, and being proportionally great in the small republic, it follows that, if the proportion of contact characters be not less in the large than in the small republic, the former will present a greater option, and consequently a greater probability of a fit choice.3Madison was stating how a large country and its many different interests and factions could till represent the people and their needs to a greater degree and support republican values better than a small country that was dominated by special interests. It would not be until the 20th vitamin C that Americans finally got around to recognizing the wisdom of Madison and adapted to a greater degree than ever before, this sentiment within the American government.Madison would fight hard for the ratification of the new Constitution but was not in favor of a Bill of Rights as he believed that it was not necessary and included roles that, he felt, were not in the best interest of the federal government. Nevertheles s, it was Madison who was the author of the Bill of Rights and as a result, forever cemented his legacy in American History. Madison originally advocated the need for twelve am give upments but it was later agreed on ten. Despite his initial reluctance towards a Bill of Rights, Madison was tireless in advocating the need for the passage of the amendments once he partook in the task of forming a Bill of Rights.Such a career would have been more than enough for one man and had Madisons career ended there, he would still have been talked about to this day. However, when Thomas Jefferson was elected the third president in 1800 and served from 1801 until 1809, he took Madison with him and made him the Secretary of State. As a result, Madison was instrumental in constructing one of the most lopsided international agreements in innovation history.The 1803 Louisiana Purchase, whos 830,000 square miles of land which stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and which cost $15 million, Madison was also instrumental in that coming to pass.4 In doing so, America multiply the size of its land overnight.Never in human history had so much land been acquired in so little time. Jefferson had only expected to grease ones palms the city of New Orleans but when Napoleon offered all of Louisiana, Madison jumped on the opportunity and despite the scoffing of the price tag by many members of Congress, made sure to broker the deal. The implications for the country were huge and every day, from then until the end of time, America has and will continue to benefit from the Louisiana Purchase.After Thomas Jefferson walked away from the Presidency in 1809, Madison won the Presidency and would devolve two terms in the White House. During his presidency, Madison would deal with two events which would come to define his presidency. The first was the renewal of the national banks charter which was scheduled to expire after twenty years in 1811. Since Madison fought the p assage of the first national bank, he again was in opposition to it again in 1811 and fought its renewal in 1811.5This would help to affect Madisons punt mistake the allowance of another war with Britain. The absence of a national bank made it increasingly difficult to finance a war. Throughout Jeffersons presidency, Americas Armed Forces, especially the Navy, was dismantled to such a size, that it became a non entity and was not considered a force in the opinion of any of the worlds leaders. When it was recognized that Madisons impotence during the months leading up to the war and its consequences could not now be avoided, Madison did all that he could to affect as much public support as possible.Also, in all of American history, no president has lost his bid for reelection during a war neither did Madison who won reelection. The War of 1812 ended in another American victory and the signing of the treaty of Ghent in 1815 officially put an end to the war. Upon learning his lesson, Madison pushed for the formation of a national bank, although one that was stronger than the previous one. With the help of such nationalist opinion from men such as buns Calhoun and Daniel Webster, a second national bank was organize in 1816.6In the last years of the Madison presidency, James Madison continued to push for a strong central government and against states rights. In his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed a pen nib for internal improvements because it was formed on the grounds of states rights. In his veto, Madison commented Having considered the bill I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I spirit in reconciling this bill with the Constitution of the United States.The powers vested in Congress are specified and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers.7 Madison denied that such legislation was supported by the General Welfare Clause in the Construction when he responded Such a view of the Constitution would have the effect of giving to Congress a general power of legislation instead of the defined and limited one hitherto understood to run low to them.8This would highlight a continued debate which rages today What is the role of the federal government in the daily lives of its people? The answer continues to change and will most likely change again with the result of the next presidential election.Madison would retire to Montpelier, his home in Virginia. Madison was sixty five then and would spend the rest of his life, incited by his anxiousness regarding his legacy, began to change the details in his various writings and other forms of evidence which he later began to feel, portrayed a contrary message to the one which he hoped would be judged by history. Madison died on June 28, 1836, anxious about his ability to justify his actions to both himself and to historians.9 Historians in general have been kind to Madison. Madison was there when the country needed h im the most and as a result, contemporary Americans are still enjoying the fruits of his labor and wisdom.WORKS CITEDBurns, view Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York Century Publications 1947Ellis, Joseph Founding Brothers The revolutionist Generation New York Alfred Knopf Publishers 2000Kuralt, Charles On the Road American heritage New York CBS Productions 1989Wills, Gary James Madison The American President Series New York Times Books 20021 Kuralt, Charles On the Road American Heritage New York CBS Productions 1989 2 Ellis, Joseph Founding Brothers The Revolutionary Generation New York Alfred Knopf Publishers 2000 pg. 156 3 Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York Century Publications 1947 section ii. Pg 55 4 Kuralt, Charles On the Road American Heritage New York CBS Productions 1989 5 Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997 6 Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson Los Angeles Time Warner & PBS Productions 1997 7 Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History New York Century Publications 1947 section iii. Pg 57 8 Kuralt, Charles On the Road American Heritage New York CBS Productions 1989 9 Wills, Gary James Madison The American President Series New York Times Books 2002 pg. 277

Imperialsim †proper and legitimate course Essay

Have you ever wanted some involvement because you felt you deserved it? Throughout history throng consider wanted to expand and begin what they wanted. It is human nature to want things and set goals to acquire those wants. Imperialism was a fitting and legitimate course of action for the U.S.Imperialism is the proper thing for America to practice. Reverend Josiah Strong wrote Our Country stating, The highest civilization will spread itself over the earth. This means that Americas are better than all the people who we took the land of. Alfred T. Mahan wrote The exit to of America in Sea Power which says, The growing production of the country demands it. This means that America needs to expand to allow more people to leveraging our products. President McKinley said, we could not leave them to themselves they were unfit for self government. This means that our way of government is so much better than theirs in our eyes that we must take over them to help them prosper. Albert Bev eridge, a Republican senator from Indiana said, Almighty God He has marked us as His chosen people. This means that its our beau ideal given right to pursue more land. Henry Cabot Lodge stated Taking Philippines does not violate the principles of the Declaration of Independence, but will spread them among a people who have never known closeness. This means he want us to force freedom on the Philippines and eventually more people.Imperialism is legitimate and proper however some people disagree with this statement. Senator George F. Hoar says under the Declaration of Independence you cannot govern a foreign territory, a foreign people, another people than your own. This being said means that many things America has done goes against the declaration which is unjustifiable. Anti-Imperialist League said, we hold that the policy know as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been out glory to be free. This is basically saying that imper ialism is evil and goes against liberty.In conclusion, Imperialism was a proper and legitimate course of action forthe U.S. Imperialism is a truly controversial topic that can prove to be just or not in many ways. In the end if America did expand we would of impecunious or true potential to be what we are now. If one this imperialism isnt just how ever then why will there option matter because without land there would be overpopulation and lack of commonly used resources.

Can Retention Be Good for a Student Essay

In todays society, there is a large debate of what is trump out for a childs learning development when they ar below level in learning. Educators debate the fact about whether grade retention is good for a student, or is it more appropriate to advance them with their peers, and there is research available to support what is being said. What is meant by retention or non-promotion is having a child repeat a particular grade or requiring a child of appropriate age to postpone entry to the next grade.In doing research I stick represent some interesting facts, and one of the biggest impacts I have fix was by exploitation the search engine to research positive effects of grade retention, the results that were found showed that there is non much available to support the facts. By retaining a child feces be extremely hurtful to their self-esteem, risk shout and intimidation from other children and may also increase behaviors caused by retention. Other things to consider would be a t what personify will a child be kept up(p), and what argon the results as the child grows older. There are different options that could be considered as opposed to retention.The cost of retaining a child varies from on an average of $5,000 per year and the cost of the childs shame and embarrassment should also be considered. So why not take this money and apply it to meeting the needs of a student in the areas where he or she mogul require the help as opposed to causing any shame and embarrassment one might experience. As a mother of two cliqueified children who were faced with learning disabilities and one who just had difficulty learning. I was always told the worst thing you can do to a child who has difficulty learning is retained them, let alone if they were classified.For the simple fact that a child already beats themselves up by thinking they are stupid that they cannot learn what all their friends seem to be learning, and by doing this they are killing whatever self-es teem they have left. I found it helpful to know there was more than one option out there for my children. I made the choice not to have my children retained based on what I researched and what I thought was best for my children. My children stayed with their peers, obtained extra help by at track downing pull out service and in class support, and whatever other services were available by which was provided by my direct district.I also had the advantage of the g everyplacenment on my side because my children were classified the domesticate district received extra money for my childrens education. If a child is retained, it might give them the opportunity to relearn, refresh and acquire the skills that were missed the initiative age around and might help them move to the next grade level (Malone, 2005). But what happens when these children who get caught up in the skills and are not with their own peers? The ridicule that they receive from their new set of peers begins to set in a nd their self-esteem becomes crushed.In addition, what happens after that first year of retention, when the child is caught up on that level and because begins to fall behind in the years to come? Does this child keep getting retained? Or does someone come up with new ideas? The intentions of the educators, I am sure, think they are doing what is best for the child, but in reality is seems to be more of a gamble. When a child does not meet the standards of the school district to continue with his or her peers, some feel it makes sense to retain them and let them repeat the grade.The hope is that these children will pass the grade the second conviction around. According to the National Center for breeding Statistics, as a nation we fail to promote 13% of our students (Bowser, 1998). According to Philip Bowser (NEA Today, 1998), a district-wide school psychology, who had followed children who were retained over the years, the results might have seemed good after the first year, but as time went on things with these children did not appear to be particular pretty.He witnessed children who did not make the schoolman get on as others had wished, and at the same time, these children developed measurable deficits in mental health problems. He also observed that the overage for grade adolescents increase the risk for substance abuse, earlier age of sexual introduction, behavioral problems and emotional distress (including suicidal thoughts). Comparing retained students with similar students who were sociablely promoted frequently shows that most students do not catch up when they are held back even though they seem to do better at first, they tend to fall behind again in future grades.The results are most likely to become alienation from school and eventually drop out and these decision are just as much for kindergarten and first-graders held back because they were alleged to lack maturity or readiness as they do for older students. By using retention as an opti on it provides either no achievement benefit or only a short lived advantage comparative to social promotion, and the chatter cost on the retained students, their teachers, and the school system.According to the studies, the children most likely to be retained are small in physique or youngest in their grade, more boys than girls, who often moved around from home to home and or from low-income families whose parents are not involved in their schooling and also have a lower educational achievement. These students who are often retained have a lower achievement in reading and language arts compared to most students in the classroom however, there are often peers who are equally low-achieving but promoted (Jimerson, Carlson, Rotert, Egeland, & Sroufe 1997 Sandoval, 1998).Educators feel by retaining children they are offering them the gift of time to store up on learning and prepare for the future. When in reality school districts are just trying to improve on the standardize tests. In researching this subject, I have found mixed emotions on the topic of retention, and it has seemed to me that although some might think one is better than the other, I feel the answer lies in the other options that are out there for children besides retention. If a child or children can be promoted with their peers and offered other solutions to their academic issues then why not help these children the best way we know how?If we start at an early age helping these children by offering preschool intervention programs, we could be getting a jump on the problems. According to Casto & Mastropieri, 1986 Zigler & Styfco, 2000 A primary purpose of preschool intervention programs is generally to assist at-risk students before they experience academic challenges, through enhancing foundation skills necessary for subsequent academic success. Basic literacy skills, pro social behaviors, and socio emotional development are often emphasized in pre-school programs. By enhancing skills for acade mic success through preschool programs, retention possibly prevented (p.52)Other solutions might consist of comprehensive program to help promote a childs social and academic development such as that help integrate strategies to promote childrens academics by having after school programs and or summer school programs where children can seek extra help in the academic areas that need reinforcing. Another idea that can be offered is Looping and Multi-Age classrooms. Looping is a classroom in which a child can go through more than one year with one teacher so this teacher can provide the instruction that is needed and embrace a childs strength in the process of learning.Multi-Age classrooms abandon students of different ages and abilities to move ahead at his or her own pace and the possibility to learn from one other (May, Kundert, & Brent, 1995) By districts offering other solutions to retention such as parent involvement, early reading programs and effective strategies with acad emics and behavior modification programs it will be make long term goals for these children as opposed to the short term objective of a child being retained.Parents need to be aware of their flops and their childrens right and realize that sometimes we do know what is best for our children and just because someone says or thinks retention is in your childs best interest, just do not agree, they should know the facts and know what is available for their children. By educating themselves as parents is the best defense they have to protect their children and their right to an education that meets their needs.These solutions are clear that by assisting children and helping them gaining the knowledge and self-esteem to learn it will help reduce the rate of children wanting to drop out in the long run. It will allow for them to get the education they want, let alone deserve. The success rate will be higher and the educators and parents can be proud of the choices they made to help child ren progress and succeed in life. So to use the words of social promotion is not exactly fair because it sounds like a child only gets promoted for social reasons.In fact, it is the right of these children to go to school with other children their own age. Then the educators can provide the help these children need and deserve when falling behind in their academics and cognitive skills, and not just to say retention is the only way they have to go. Reference Bowser, P. B. Can Retention Be Good for a pupil?. Retrieved February 1, 2008, Web site http//www. roseburg. k12. or. us/sec/handouts/GRADRETE. htm Casto, G. , & Mastropieri, M. A. (1986).The efficacy of early intervention programs A meta-analysis. Exceptional Children,52, 417 424. Jimerson, S. R. , Carlson, E. , Rotert, M. , Egeland, B. , & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). A prospective, longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of early grade retention. daybook of School Psychology, 35, 325. May, D. C. , Kundert, D. K. , & B rent, D. (1995). Does delayed entry reduce later grade retentions and use of special education services? Remedial and Special Education, 16, 288294.Sandoval, J. (1984). Repeating the first grade How the decision is made. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 457 462. Social Promotion In Comparison to Grade Retention, Advantage and Disadvantages, Different Perspectives. In Education Encyclopedia StateUniversity. com Education Encyclopedia Web. Retrieved 1/31/2008, from http//education. stateuniversity. com/pages/2431/Social-Promotion. htmlSocial Promotion In Comparison to Grade Retention, Advantages and Disadvantages, Different Perspectives.

“Fifth Business” by Robertson Davis Essay

Paul Dempster was born on December 28, 1908 to Amasa and Mary Dempster. He was suspected to be premature by about 80 days, but that was an estimate made by Dr. McCausland. Paul was described as Red, of course, as all babies are red. But he was wrinkled like a tiny old man, and his head and back and much of his face was covered with weedy long black hair(page 13), and his cry was like the mew of a kitten(page13). Dunnys mother was pleased with the progress he was making, I think little Paul is going to pull through. Hell be slow, the renovate says, but hell be alright(page 17), but Dr. McCausland was really wrong. Though Paul could neither read or write when he got older, he was very interested in the tricks that Dunny would show him taking the coin from me and preforming the pass perfectly(page 33).Pauls home smell was not one of the best. His mother was, what the township referred to as, simple and his father blamed her condition on his birth. He was as well tormented by the ot her children in the town because of an incident in the stick pit involving his mother and a tramp. This took a mental tole on him and shortly after the death of his father Paul ran a style and joined the circus. Though his throw in the circus made him into Magnus Eisengrim, The Great Magician, he was still unable to free himself from his past.Paul also had much hostility towards Percy, the boy who was also a contributing factor in his premature birth. Paul was blamed by his father for the mental state of his mother but Paul ensnare out as a child from Dunny that it was not his fault, but the fault of himself and his friend Percy. This hostility resulted in the mysterious murder of Percy and though it was never give tongue to that Magnus actually committed this act of violence it was pretty clear to the reader that the coincidence was to staggering to be anyone else.Though Paul does not play the contribution of that main character in The Fifth Business he does play an important role in the life of the character in which the novel revolves around. His is life alone gives meaning to the whole novel and defines Dunny. His birth and his legend are far from what would be expected of a Parsons son, but he lived his life the way he wanted and made the most of a talent with magic and congering.

Child & Young Person Development

0-3 yearsNewborn babies go forth hold back next to no control over their own bodies. Very humble movements such as sucking and grasping these be all dep terminateent on a series of reflexes they do these in order to survive. By the end of their first year they would of gain more than advanced mobility.Gross ram skills- for using their larger muscles to being into the sitting position without either assistance. And more fine motor skills- for using much smaller muscles like fingers and toes to being able-bodied to pass objects from hand to hand.In their second year babies/toddlers lead unbosom stay to bafflement stronger muscles and continue to grow quickly. By this age they might be able walk and they depart fuddle more control on these movements and whitethornbe able to tend themselves. They result have much enjoyment in playing games and toys such as playing ball, climbing on furniture or on the stairs. By the third year they might be able to dress themselves mayb e with little assistance from others. And for fine motor skills with holding and drawing with pencils and pens. Also by this age they should have full ability for feeding themselves. As they continue to grow to grow so does their confidence as well.3-7 yearsBy this age boorren would of already started civilise and therefore provideing be able to show many polar co-ordinated movements. Still be growing as a small person in confidence as a result. They should be improving skills already acquired so far but they will take heed to have more control on fine motor skills such as using scissors for cutting and a pen for physical composition. As they continue to develop their gross motor skills will be more refined in more active activities such as running, playing sports and with use of larger equipment.7-12 years By this age root word electric shaverren will still continue to grow and train them skills. And now should have interest and hobbies, in which they will enjoy doing th em. They will start to engender more experienced in approximately areas a cracking example of this could be playing a particular sport such as football or even dance. In these activities much finer movement might be deprivationed and this will be required for playing an musical instrument. As from this aboriginal age girls just might have started some signs of puberty, but boys usually start this later on.12-16 years This is when boys usually start puberty where girls will have now to have regular periods. There might be a large variety in height and strength. Boys will tenders to be taller than most girls on average.16-19 years This is when young people are now classed as young adults. Most girls would of now reached physical movement. Where on the other hand boys will still grow and change into their mid 20s.Communication and intellectual development Children will learn and develop at different stages. Language is a link to learning. They pick things up from their own experi ences and from opportunities that they might be precondition from a real early age. Both communication and intellectual development elicit be seem from true t inquires, and hence will show own strengths and abilities by those tasks. People will have many different ideas/ demeanors about the learning development of the way children learn. 0-3 yearsThere have been many studies shown, that in cases children who have been neglected from an early age who dont spend meter with adults to those who have time spending time with adults. Those children who have been neglected will buzz off it hard to learn skills and wont have effective communication in later life history. Even though babies are unable to grasp what is being said to them.They will listen and will enjoy songs and dance movement. By the endof their first year children will start to communicate through odd words then will start to put one and two words unneurotic. As they develop so will their vocabulary will increase qu ite quickly, to on average most children at this age of two will know about two hundred words. When they reach 2-3 years old they will still make errors with in the correct grammar when speaking.3-7 yearsAs children start nurseries and trains as they become more social, they will gain a wider range of encounters, by this they will start to increase the number of parses that are well known and expressing. As they develop more they will start to ask a lot of questions such as why and what. Talking in past and further tenses will become easier and will be spoken with more confidence. And will look for approval from adults when starting a task.7-12 years By this age children will become fluent speakers on their main language(s). Their reading and writing abilities will become more developed. They will start to deliberate ideas they may have. They will start to show learning in more abstract terms. They will start to grasp information and will start in a more intellectual way.12-18 ye ars By this age children would be starting or already started high school and will know what they like and dislike, favourite or least favourite subjects at school. And more interest will be shown in these liked subjects and activities and therefore be more absorbed in these. By this age children will be getting ready to select their chosen GCSEs and A levels they would like to accomplish. If young adults lack confidence this maybe with the way it is being truant. Every young adult will feel the exigency to belong and feel good with what they doing and within them.16-19 years This is the time that most young adults will be leaving education and will start intellection about careers or university. And from them subjects they have chosen what qualifications they have gained. In these areas of interest,strength will still carry on to develop as they move on.Social, stimulated and behavioural development To become confided independent adults, as children we learn and develop from wa tching and relating to others. By being social from an early age we then learn the rights and wrongs and what is practice for acceptable behaviour. In order to develop they will need to feel safe and in a secure setting purlieu to develop into a confided strong minded adult who advises their best ability.0-3 years As from every early age babies will gain a strong confiscate or attachment to which they spread most time with e.g. parent or carers. Though this social development as time goes by they will want to start to do for themselves and though disturbance will or may have tantrums of some kind.3-7years Children will still continue to expose their identities. They will venerate starting to play with others and with using imaginative play they will then be able to socialise. It is vital that they learn boundaries and grade lines, and why they are there. Children will still long for adult approval when given responsibility.7-12years Children will start to gain long term friends and come to be more settled in these relationships. They will be able to accomplished many forms of different activities and learn to solve problems. As they gain more experience they will still need to be reassurance and will quickly learn to be aware of what others think of them. All children should be given plenty of praise and encouragement to help them find themselves and nurture.12-16years As children become into young adults there will be a lot of change inside and out, with various different signs of maturity and may become vulnerable. Therefore children will still need adult guidance from many ways. Eventhough they are will spending more time with other peeps they will show some signs of childish behaviour. This age group will find themselves under pressure or stress of growing up, doing well in exams at school and what will or might be expected from them. They therefore might be unaware on how to behave in different circumstances that might occur.16-19years As they leave education and entre adulthood they will require guidance from others. As they start to entre careers and jobs thy will have none or very little experience. This will influence on their emotional development and will have a knock on effect to the way they act with others. And therefore adults should understand to their needs.1.2 From a child having an ability or disability to do something butt end have an effect on their development as a whole. A childs development could be slip into groups, but they interlink with one another. If a child doesnt develop well in a subject or an area it crumb strike many different ones. For example if a child is corpulence not only can disrupt with their physical development, it could also have a large regard on their social and emotional. If other peers tease them about either being overweight or by not being able to do some actives, it could make them less social with making friends. Then the child could find it humiliating, viscid and become self-conscious and this will affect their emotional side by low self-esteem. But if a child is talented at something it could also affect motions of development.Physical development Social, emotional and behavioural development Fine motor skill & hand-eye coordination sharing mealtimes with one another taking turnsCOOKINGCommunication and intellectual development Measuring quantities decision making on appropriate menus Using language to describe foods Learning how food and nutrition affect growth and health Sitting down to eat together and conversing with one another2. Understand the kinds of influences that affect children and young peoples development2.1 There are many different influences that could effect on a childs development. These developments are subjective by a range of factors such as their background knowledges, their health and their environment. All these influences will have impact on different areas.Pupils background and family environment Many families will go through change within a childs time at school these may be due to arrange of different environment within family life different cultures and circumstances and school maybe unaware of any changes. These may be a loss of a family member, illness, moving house or even moving to a new country. Anyone of these could have a huge impact on a childs life by their emotional development and might have a knock on effect on their intellectual development, then this could change a childs behaviour and to learn as a factor.Pupils Health It is important that adults to be aware of any health problems that arise. If a child/young adult suffers from poor health or as a disability or impairment. This may restrict their development opportunities. A great example is if a child is overweight due to a medical conditions might be less able to take part in some activities. This may start to affect their physical development this will then affect social activities. The knock on effect to over again emoti onal will also be impacted. So with adults well aware they should be aware of conditions & circumstances and that the right make out of realise can be given.Poverty and deprivation These are in all probability to have a extreme influence on a childs development, its proven that if a child comes from a deprive background they are less likely to achieve well in school. They might find it hard due to lack of opportunities due to parents finding it to a fault hard to manage their needs. By this it will have a turn on impacting on all areas of their development, or lack of it, by this the child will respond differently to situations than others.Personal choices As children turn in to young adults they will start to make their own choices on life, friendships and activities and so on. They will need advice and support from adults to enable then to make the right choices that are right for them.Looked after/ care status If a child is in care, this will have an impact on their developm ent in many different ways. Each child should be monitored closely for any change by having regular meetings. This is too able to meet their needs of that child. And to make sure they are making expected levels of progress. For where any concerns that arise they can be addressed straight away.Education Children learn at different stages but some children may start school without any previous education. Alternatively that child may come from home schooling environment or maybe just a different way of schooling altogether. Therefore the way o child could be taught can be very well different. So as a result that child may need some extra support till they have settled in.2.2 Anyone who whole kit and boodle with or raises children, they need to have a solid understanding of a child development and what makes that child tick. As it is very important to know what is normal for that child and whats not. By looking out for any problems, we will be able to offer the care and support demand t o get that child back on track. For example, if a child is suffering from a break up in the family it can be very stressful for that child and this could have an influence on their development as they could become very upset, lash out, could stop eating or could stop talking altogether.It is at most importance that the child feels theyre not at fault. There is certain problem that arises that needs to be disclosed with the school so that safety, integrity and respect on how the issue might impact on the child. In effect is to be proactive to let the childs instructor know the following problems can stave off more severe issues, that including behaviour problems, poor grades or having difficulty to adjust to the situation the childs family will be facing. The teacher should inform the childs parents/carers of any concerns they feel they might have. The sooner the parents are aware the easier it will be to step in and help given any additional support that may be needed.3. Understan d the potential effects of transitions on children and young peoples development.3.1 Most children/ young adults may experience transitions. This may be long or short term. Transitions is known as a significant stage or experience in the life this could have an effect on their behaviour and development. Some children go through transitions when starting school for the first time or changing from one school to another, moving house can also have an impact on the child, in that they will have to make new friends. Many children make these transitions without prior(prenominal) personal experience. This can seem appear to them as a daunting list of firsts. For example a childs first day at nursery or school first night away from mum and dad etc. All these could affect the different areas of development.3.2 Sometimes transition can happen that cant be prepared for, and it is important that the school have polices and carry out the right procedure for dealing in these seduction. If there isnt a procedure to follow that it can be quite different to deal with. Sometimes it can be over looked when theschool is inform of any changes but if we notice any changes within a child who is behaving uncharacteristically it is important that others are informed. Bereavement can have a huge impact on a child, Even if it is expected. Again the right procedure needs to be followed. Parental separation is likely to happen to a child at the school.And we will need to be sensitive when speaking to parents about this and the effects its having on the child. If a new member is being introduced, or if the amount of contact with a parent changes, this can also have a big impact on the child. Again sensually is required again when speaking about this matter. New siblings this can found to be difficult to cope with. Emotional and behavioural development can change due to vying for parental attention, maybe for the first time.Moving house a child can find moving house to an unknown school or area to be very upsetting. It is likely that additional support should be given to help settle them. Change of carer if a child that as moved a number of times this could again be upsetting and the child can become unsettled if they have a change of a career. The school should have both support and advice needed from social services. They both will need to work closely to help support that child. Illness or injury we need to come to term with it and any changes in circumstances, even though these could be their own or loved one.3.3 It would be great if any advance notice could be given if a child/ group will be going through a transition so that the right opportunity to support them when or how needed. Some find it important to talk to people about their feeling during these periods by having positive relationships available. A child or group of children that are going through a transition may experience different ways. This may beBecome attention seeking Show signs of unchara cteristic behaviour Be very dying(predicate) Become quite and withdrawn If a child doesnt receive any support other development could also be affected by social and their emotional development. Children could find some transitions potentially traumatic.

Media Policy Essay

1.1 Paradigms of communication theory form _or_ system of governmentFourie J P (200818) defines paradigms of communication theory insurance as consensus among policy makers as far as the basics are concerned on which they will base their moderniseing of a policy. There are three most(prenominal) popular paradigms of communications policy which originated from the most advanced societies of North America and Western Europe. These paradigms coffin nail be adopted to explain the advent and come to the foregrowth of communications policy in countries such as second Africa.1.1.1 Emerging communications industry policyCommunications policy during this era (pre 1940s) was dominated by telecommunications policy with emphasis on communication technologies that were new at that time in advanced societies of the Western world. Such technologies included telegraphy, telephone and wireless broadcasting. In South Africa, emerging communications industries such as these were considered as public utilities that could non be left in the hands of private communication players.This view, therefore channelise the formulation and implementation of most communication policies leading to state monopoly in telecommunication industries. However there is an argument that in South Africa such monopoly was seen as a tool of colonisation as policy formulation was guided by restricting the masses and entrenching the colonisers ideology. The Postal Act(1958) and The Broadcasting Act are unadulterated ensamples of emerging communications industry policy in South Africa.1.1.2 Public service media policyAfter the Second World War in 1945,most governments changed their communications policy focus from a contentistic and economic perspective toa socio-political emphasis. Independence, democracy and diversity were introduced as communications policy determinants. However this was not the representative in most African countries which were still under the control of their colonisers. South Africa was no different. More so during the time of Apartheid . Media policy in South Africa during this period, was determine by the political and not by social issues of the time. An example is that of the growth of the SABC in the 1960s and 1970s when a group of radio stations broadcasting in different languages were established.However, public media policy which determined editorial policy of public media during this time, was seen as turning the same public media into the mouth piece of the patriot Party (NP).Therefore, one can argue that the public media policy in South Africa during the period of apartheid was not about social or democratic development but was about furthering the ideas of the NP government. Erasmus F (2004) sums up this view by saying, an early(a) development in the second half of the 1970s was the introduction of video in South Africa after the government had prevented this for a number of years. This medium was also considered to be controlled by government, thereby promoting the NPs political ideology.1.1.3 revolutionary media policyIn this paradigm, the latest of the three, there is a swift move from the old emphasis on political and social perspectives cosmos the determinants of media policy. The third component part of economic competition is now a major factor in media policy formulation in the 21st century. Privatisation, innovation and demand have changed the views on public media policy. InSouth Africa, new media policy is largely responsible for the changes that have occurred in the telecommunications and broadcasting industries since the country attained independence.Telkoms monopoly was ended by the changes in regularisations that allowed new fixed line operators give care Neotel to enter the market. The same has happened to the SABC.The monopoly that the national broadcaster enjoyed for a long time ended when policy changes open up space for new broadcasters like M-net and E-TV. New media policy is drive n mostly by demand and economic development rather than by cater and monopolies.1.2 Freedom of the mediaDemocracy, the granting immunity of boldness and the functions of media in society are three intertwined elements that can hardly be separated. These elements have to co-exist in unison if society is to develop as well as live in peace and harmony. Freedom of speech is a right that is found in a lot of countriesconstitutions,South Africa being one such country.However, liberty of human face is not a given. It is a controversial subject that evermore causes friction between governments and the media. There are a lot of threats to freedom of expression in South Africa and the debates on the pick up or the lack of it normally hinge on the freedom of the media. Questions are raised as to whether such threats are justified or unwarranted.1.2.1 The need for freedom of expressionFreedom of expression is a right that is enshrined in the constitution of South Africa. This freedom goe s hand in hand with the freedom as well as the role of media in society. These elements cannot be separated. In democratic societies like South Africa, the need for freedom of expression cannot be over-emphasised. The media acts as the custodian of society and plays an oversight role when it comes to holding government officials to account. Freedom of expression is a pre-requisite in any democratic society in order to make sure that public officials do not get away with corruption, maladministration and lack of service delivery through silencing or denying space to those that seek to speak out about these social ills. Denying society freedom of expression leads to tension that can boil over into chaos and social unrest.1.2.2 Threats to itAs much as freedom of expression is considered a constitutional right in many democratic countries, including South Africa, this right is always under constant threat from a number of sections of society. The major threat to freedom of expression emanates from the government, with its policies that control the flow of information and regulations that deter the free attack to and publication of information. Patriotic media that is under the control and influence of government is also another threat to freedom of expression. In South Africa, the SABC as a national broadcaster, is expected to be non-partisan and impartial. However due to the broadcaster being under the control of the government, there have been a lot of questions asked with regards to its impartiality.Freedom of expression has been supressed in the way in which the SABC executes its editorial policy. Views that are deemed to be in contrast with the current governments ideology have been prevented from being broadcast on SABC TV and radio platforms. Journalists have sometimes been forced to tore a certain line of ideology and have been prevented from doing their jobs in an objective and impartial manner. An example is that of a journalist on Metro FM, Sakina K amwendo,who was forced to cancel a preaching on the ANCs Mangaung Conference on her figure by her employers at the SABC as they claimed the show lacked balance and fairness.Julie Reid sums up this point in her article in the Daily Maverick by saying, Last year the SABC banned the big(p) Debate talk show, an excellent current affairs programme that earned a reputation for holding government officialsto account on thorny issues like corruption or non-delivery of services.Hlaudi Motsoeneng, infamous for his insistence on the production of 70% good news remains at his post, continuing the facilitation of the Hlaudification of news1.2.3 If , how and wherefore such threats can or cannot be motivated The issue of the freedom of expression, especially in the media, and threats to its execution within democratic societies is a contentious one. The discussion around it, is dynamic and never ending. Some sections of society especially those in power, who are normally the ones who seek to m onitor and regulate the media, believe that it is necessary not to allow the media to have free reign where the nature and flow of information will go on without any regulation by the government. On the other hand, the media itself, especially private media, is against the idea of strict policies being introduced to regulate the flow of information as this is seen as a direct attack on the freedom ,not just of the media but that of expression as well.However, the media as an industry and platform upon which freedom of speech is manifested, does understand and appreciate that some form of regulation has to consent place in order to preserve the validity of the media being the fourth estate and prevent national security threats as well as encroachment of privacy. It is in this light that the issues of external and inseparable regulation come into play.In dealing with arguments that explain why the threats to media freedom cannot be motivated, one has to do so within the context of f reedom of expression being a constitutional right.Democraticy as a system is mostly reliant on how society thrives socially, politically and economically. For this to happen, freedom of speech has to be takenas a fundamental element that has to be seriously considered in policy formulation. Stifling freedom of expression through draconian and authoritarian policies and regulations is a recipe that culminates in a failed democracy. For democracy to function, freedom of expression and more so, freedom of the media has to exist.Roelofse (199651-53) in Fourie (200834) clarifies how freedom of expression enhances developments such as the rise in democracy, religious freedom and economic emancipation through the press that assumes a role of mass medium.It is worth noting that out of the three theories used in studying the role of the media in society, the libertarian theory insists on viewing people as rational beings capable of distinguishing between truth and falsehood and between good and evil (Fourie 2008 34).Therefore, the issue of strict policies to regulate the media and stifle freedom of expression are needless and cannot be justified and motivated. As McQuail (198789) in Fourie (200834) notes in the basic assumptions of the libertarian theory, the media should be free from any external censorship and there should be no force or intimidation to unloose anything.The behaviour of the SABC bosses in the Metro FM story can therefore not be justified if this theory is applied because intervening and gagging the talk show was tantamount to denying the public their right to air or listen to different views on the Mangaung conference. In dealing with this contentious matter of media freedom and regulation, it must be noted that the freedom of expression that is incorporated into the freedom of the media, cannot be viwed as an unlimited right. There are responsibilities that go with it.It is at this juncture that the regulation of the media can be motivated and ju stified. This regulation can emanate from outside media organisations therefore being called external or it can be internal which means the regulation comes from within the media institutions themselves.Fourie(200873) explains that in South Africa, media regulation has gradually moved away from being more externally regulated and has shown a more emphasis towards internal regulation. Internal regulation takes place in different ways. It can be through the involvement of gatekeepers, regulators, directorates and boards of media organisations or institutionalised internal regulation by non-governmental as well as professional bodies. Gate keepers and regulators are people or groups of people that decide on the content of particular media and determine which content is germane(predicate) and how it is going to be published or broadcast. Fourie (200878) refers to internal regulation by gatekeepers and regulators as implicit internal regulation.This regulation occurs through the medium itself. unspoken internal regulation happens when different sections within or sectors involved with the medium influence the publication or broadcasting of information. Such sections include boards of directors of media institutions, editors, advertisers, consumers, journalists, etcetera.These regulators cannot be disregard as they have the power to influence content substantially. A good example is that of acting SABC operations chief and radio group executive who took a decision not to allow a live talk show hosted by Sakina Kamwendo on Metro FM to go ahead.

Othello Prelim Essay

When the aspirational values of an individual become all-consuming, the relationships of those close to them be destroyed, through the corruption of loyalty and trust. Both Shakespeares Othello and Geoffrey Saxs Othello portray numerous elements of tragedy, by exploring the relationship of Othello and Iago/Jago, and the way his manipulations distort Othellos mind. Iagos zealousness in Shakespeares play Othello reflect the elements of a fatal flaw in an individual, and the disruption of the Chain of be, twain being key features of a tragedy.Iagos words, Men should be what they seem, are ironic, as he hides his true self from Othello, who trusts him completely, in order to gain what he desires. His rejection, and pursuit, of the job of Othellos lieutenant eventually causes his demise, hence becoming his fatal flaw. Iagos continued pursuit of his goal leads to the deaths of many, which provides a metaphor for all audiences of the destruction our aspirations crowd out cause.The di ssymmetry in the Chain of Being is corrected in the conclusion of Shakespeares Othello, however, Saxs Othello results in Ben Jago becoming successful, and achieving the position of Police Commissioner. Saxs Jago psychologically manipulates and abuses his victims, in contrast to the original play, where many are physically killed. Our modern audience expects this, however, because we, as well as Jago, realise that for him to achieve his goals, he has to be subtle in order to parry detection in our age of fingerprinting and DNA sampling.In this way, Saxs Jago has to prepare his plans a lot more than Shakespeares Iago, which leads to him gaining the position he wanted, rather than being captured. However, both induct very similar plans, revolving around manipulation, particularly Othellos mind and emotions. Othellos trust, thereby his loyalty, relies on his knowledge of the individual, particularly their past. In both texts, his slight uncertainty with his trust in Desdemona/Dessie is out-of-pocket to their warm marriage and lack of knowledge of their lives before he met them.In Shakespeares Othello, Desdemonas and Othellos sudden marriage, which finalises their relationship, is accentuated by Iago asking Othello But I pray sir,/ Are you fast married? This leaves us confused as to how these characters became truly familiar with each other before their marriage, and foreshadows what is to later come. Sax portrays Othellos niggling doubt towards Dessie as due to her silence about her boarding school days, when she met Lulu. However, Dessie defends herself against his accusations of her being secretive, by shouting, Its always you talking and me listeningThis frame is a close-up, everywherehead shot of Dessie, emphasising how vulnerable she is to Othello, and signal the circumstances of her death. Othellos distorted trust enables Iagos plan to succeed, because he puts his loyalties in the wrong hands. Sax portrays Ben Jago as a police officer, who we and als o Othello, expect to be comely and honest, as police uphold and enforce the law. Similarly, Shakespeares Iago held a position that was expected to be trusted, as a part of the army who were assigned the role of defend their country.This fallibility of Othellos trust and loyalty allowed Iago to manipulate him such that he was able to isolate him, and destroy his relationships with others. The relationship breakdowns in both versions of Othello cause vast amounts of chaos, because the Chain of Being is broken. Shakespeares Othello decides that Desdemona is guilty before even consulting her, as seen when Iago tells him, She did deceive her father, marrying you, and he replies, And so she did.His truncated sentence bluntly expresses his view, implying that he has made up his mind, and nothing can change it. Similarly, Sax depicts Othello as already concluded that Dessie is guilty, by him saying, You tell me what I want to know Tell me the truth bitch These words are accompanied by a low shot, looking up at a close-up of Othellos face, indicating the power Othello has over Dessie, and makes the viewer empathetic towards her, by feeling lightheaded and insecure. However, we have recurring scenes that show how Desdemona is trying to keep their relationship together.Sax shows this by representing Dessie as a woman in a domestic violence household, especially when she says, He needs me. Similarly, Shakespeare characterises Desdemona as a dutiful wife, It was his bidding We must not displease him. Desdemona/Dessies loyalty to her husband infuriates Othello more, as he believes it is more of a lie to keep the secret from him, rather than tell him outright, and it is the worst thing that Desdemona could do to him, Shes like a liar gone to burning hell.All these midget aspects of Desdemona/Dessie and Othellos relationship, in both Shakespeares and Saxs Othello, combine to cause the destruction of it, upon which the whole play is hinged upon. The end of a relationshi p is caused by many varying factors, but broadly speaking a diminished sense of trust, whether it has a basis to be there, or whether someone values it so lowly that they put their own selfish desires over it.This is true in the case of Shakespeares Othello, and the modern adaption Othello, directed by Geoffrey Sax. Iago/Jagos aspirations cause him to manipulate many people, with the purpose of destroying Othellos relationships, mainly with Desdemona/Dessie, to achieve the position that was wrongly given up to someone else. This holds a mirror up to both the Elizabethan and our modern societies, critiquing our nature and values.

Managing Outbreaks of an Infection Essay

subtile and subdivision of Health GuidelinesNICEandDepartment of Health signposts localise the standards for naughty quality healthc be. It encourages a healthy lifestyle for mass. The NICE and Department of Health guidelines argon also utilise by the NHS, Local Authorities, employers, voluntary groups and whatever(prenominal)one else involved in delivering c ar and promoting wellbeing. The recommendations that argon given bear charge on transmission ascendance and taking precautions. These should be applied by all health apprehension individualnel, and early(a)(a) dish outrs, to the c atomic number 18 of tolerants in all health c ar settings. For example, hands must be rinse immediately in front each and every episode of direct patient contact or care, and after any performance or contact that could potencely result in hands becoming contaminated. An different example is, when discourse and disposing sharp objects.Sharps must non be passed directly from han d to hand and handling should be kept to a minimum. similarly needles must not be recapped, bent, broken or opened before map or disposal. This is to go steady that contagious diseases do not spread and no one gets hurt with the needles. When it comes to precautions so these guidelines feel out that precautions should be residen with care. Health care originals should fix that these precautions benefit the patients who nourish TB and also embarrass anyone else from get these ill. For example, closing off nurse. The guideline says that this should be through with(p) to prevent anyone else from centeringing the infection and to stop the infection from spreading.What is Tuberculosis (TB)? Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected several(prenominal)body.It is a serious condition but undersur nervus be cured with proper preaching. TB chiefly affects the lungs but it drop al so affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. In roughly cases the bacteria infect the body but do not stick up any symptoms which are cognise as latent TB. It is called active TB if the bacteria ca subprograms symptoms.A TB infection of the lungs is known as pulmonary TB but TB can occur outside the lungs, which is known as Extrapulmonary TB. What are my Concerns? My concerns are that the TB infection can spread from four patients to more. TB is caused by a font of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is spread when a person with the TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes. Someone else inescapably to inhale and take in the droplets containing the TB bacteria.To catch it from someone else you would usually take a crap to spend a long period of time in close contact with the infected person for you to catch the infection. For example, TB is more likely to spread between family members who live in the same house. This is because famil y members are living and are around the infection person somewhatly. This means they are at more stake of catching the infection. It would be very unlikely for someone to become infected by sitting future(a) to an infected person on a bus. It is my concern that some of my opposite patients leave alone be suitable to catch the infection from the four patients who already have TB. This is a concern because we do not expect all the patients at heart our ward being infected with TB. TB is a serious infection. Why I need to prevent an outbreak?I need to prevent this outbreak because TB is an infection which could constipation the person who has it. If untreated the patients can become worse. Also we need to prevent it from spreading. This is done to ensure that separate volume do not catch the infection. Also when one person has the infection thusly it go away keep spreading and everyone in the infirmary will be sick. This will be done by isolation. This is when we isolate the patient away from the different patients. This ensures that this infection is not able to spread to anyone else. This means the infection will keep spreading. The bacteria enters our body and once it has entered our body it starts to multiply and because it is a bacterial infection it does not need to attach to another cell to multiply. It is able to multiply on its own. After multiplying it starts to cause mycobacterium infection. Our tolerant system cannot stop the TB bacteria from growing and spreading after the infection has started to spread into our body.Medication and preaching is and so needed for the body to then(prenominal) recover. Preventing an outbreak is main(prenominal) because it can spread and startto infect other people. If a person is around someone that has been infected then they need to take sure that you stay away from them. This is because the individual is able to catch the infection from stirred items and affected people. The NICE guidelinesIt has long been recognised that people who are impassiveness microscopy demonstrable from spontaneously expectorated sputum are those cases with the highest infectivity, and pose a chance to household and other close contacts such as work contacts. For these reasons, traditionally, patients with pulmonary disease in whom tuberculosis is suspect are isolated in a star room. Isolation breast feeding is one way in which an outbreak of infection can be prevented. The Department of Health guidelinesThis section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of ad hominem tutelar equipment by healthcare workers in universal care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks.Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an extension of a Health and Safety requirement. The finish to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk asso ciated with a specific patient care occupation or intervention and take calculate of current health and safety legislation. Using personal and professional equipment is another way in which an outbreak can be prevented. The doctors, nurses and other professionals working in a hospital should light up sure that they do everything that prevents the infection from spreading to the workers, all the patients and visitors. Preventing an outbreak is grave because we do not want other people acquiring ill. TB is a serious bacterial infection. Preventing other people from getting it is important.What are the risks and damage of an outbreak on staff, patients, visitors and their families? The risks of this are that staff, patients, visitors and their families are able to catch the TB illness. This is a risk because we will have more patients in the hospital with TB. Once a person is infected with TB bacteria, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person has human immunodef iciency virus infection, has been recently infected with TB bacteria (in the last 2 years), has other health problems, like diabetes, that excite it hard for the body to fight bacteria, abuses alcohol or uses illegal drugs or was not treated mighty for TB infection in the past. The damage ofthis is that it then damages the individuals body. This is because they go into getting further illnesses in the future. The department of Health Guidelines The incidence of TB is influenced by risk factors such as exposure to, and susceptibility to, TB and levels of deprivation (poverty, ho use, nutrition and access to healthcare), and differs in different parts of England and Wales. Where scientific evidence supports it, this guideline makes recommendations on service organisation, as well as for individual teams of healthcare professionals.The guideline aims to focus NHS resources where they will combat the spread of TB, and some sections deal with high- and low-incidence areas separately. The NICE guidelines Anyone exposed to TB bacteria can become infected but people at particular risk are those that are less able to fight infection. Those at risk include Household and frequent contacts of septic cases, those who have lived in, travel to or receive visitors from places where TB is still very common, those who live in ethnic nonage communities originating from places where TB is very common, those with immune systems weakened by HIV infection, the very young and the elderly, as their immune systems are less robust, those with chronic poor health and nutrition because of lifestyle problems such as homelessness, drug abuse or alcoholism, those living in poor or crowded housing conditions, including those living in hostels. Other conditions that suppress immunity such as renal failure and chemotherapy and diabetes increase the likelihood of reactivation of TB.What precautions do we need to take? personalized and Professional Equipment is a regulation which protects th e person at work from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment. This will ensure that we are safe. It will also ensure that everything is done well while at work. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with a infectious agent of a sensible fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. For example, if we wear a duck mask then it blocks our nose and mouth. These are two portals in which infections can come into a person. That I why blocking these two portals of entry is important so the infection is not able to get into people. If a nurse or doctor does go into the room to then they need to make sure they use personal and professionalequipment. This will ensure that they are protected from the infection.The NICE guidelines Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspect or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB. The equipment should oppose the standards of the Health and Safety Executive which is mentioned in section 9.3.The Department of Health Guidelines This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in habitual care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation. Isolation is one more thing which health an d social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is another precaution which of necessity to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB.Thats why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelinesThis isolation has been recommended until trey separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are ostracise, the patient is usually considered to cause a importantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a divided up ward, provided there are no HIV-positive or other patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.The Department of Health GuidelinesIt is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include a reduction in orabsence seizure of cough, falld smear burden or smear negativity, sensible treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients raiment and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking al l of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines Linen, Waste and Cleaning for draw back linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra make clean is unnecessary.The department of Health Guidelines in that location are three levels of TB infection mince Administrative (managerial) catch measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.How would we educate staff, visitors and patients? Education is vital for people. If we educate staff, visitors and patients about TB then they would be more aware of what TB is, how it affects the body and how to prevent yourself from getting TB. We could do this through putting up posters around the ward and hospital. We could also make leaflets and hand them out to patients and visitors around the hospital. Also doctors andnurses could speak to family members and friends and tell them about TB. Doing all of this will make people more aware of TB and the risks of it.The Department of Health Guidelines It is recommended that servic e providers aim to improve consciousness of TB among the public, the professions and local authority agencies. follow through suggests that targeted campaigns tailored to the local population work better than national campaigns.Examples include keeping local GPs inform about local TB services and reminding them of the importance of screening new entrants on arrival and on an ongoing basis. Keeping GPs aware of prompt referral systems. Resourcing TB services adequately so that they are not only involved in pedagogics clinical colleagues, but also in raising awareness of TB, particularly among high-risk groups and informing clinicians of peer group networks and encouraging them to seek advice on treatment where appropriate. The NICE guidelinesDuring the development of the guideline, patient and carer representatives on the GDG highlighted these suggestions a single national source of high-quality TB information in relevant languages, and formats for vision- or hearing-impaired peo ple. TB services to assess local language and other dialogue needs, and accordingly make information from the national source available locally.Clear discussion between healthcare professionals, people with (or at risk from) TB and their carers about tests, treatment, contact tracing and infection control measures, to enable understanding. People with both HIV and TB to be provided with information about the different specialties who may provide care during and after their treatment for TB. Contact tracing explained and handled sensitively to avoid misunderstanding and stigma. Information set out so as not to medicalise the patient. TB services providing each patient completing anti-tuberculosis treatment with clear inform and advise information. D1 ASSESS HOW THE SUGGESTED MEASURES TO MANAGE AN OUTBREAK OF INFECTION MEET LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES OF THE saloon AND CONTROL OF INFECTION IN A HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SETTING One of the measures that we will use to prevent the outbreak of TB is by using personal and professional equipment. By usingpersonalandprofessionalequipmentit ensures that we are safe. It makes sure that we are trying our best to prevent ourselves from getting any infections. Doing this is important because we need to make sure that the bacterial infection does not get into us.Personal and Professional Equipmentprotects a person in hospital from any risk/harm to their health and safety.We need to make sure that we use the right equipment to ensure that we are safe. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with an infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. The NICE guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating pr ocedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB.The Department of Health Guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation. The strengths of this measure are that by using personal and professional equipment it protects the person at work or visitors from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure we use the right equipment.PPE prevents contact with a infectious agent or a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and the worker. This is important because it prevent the infection from getting into other people. We need to make sure that we prevent the infection from getting to anyone else. It ensures people are safe. Also teaching this to people who do not know e.g. visitors and family members of the patient is also important. This gives them an understanding of how serious the illness is and what should be done to prevent it. It makes them more aware and next time if someone else they know catches TB then they will know what personal and professional equipment to use and the important of them.A weakness of this is that sometimes people might forget to use them. They might go into the patients isolated room and not realise that they have forgot to put on equipment. This is a weakness because if people forget to put on protective equipment then they are more likely of catching the TB infection. Also when visitors come intothe hospital then they might not know t hat they have to use personal and protective equipment, especially children. The nurses or doctors need to make sure that they are there at the ward and are telling visitors about the importance of personal protective equipment. This is another weakness. This is because nurses and doctors might be busy with many other patients within the hospital. They might not always be there to tell the visitors. Meanwhile the visitors might go into the isolation room without realising. Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is another precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB.Thats why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the T B infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines say about IsolationThis isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.The Department of Health Guidelines sayIt is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include a reduction in or absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.Strengths of isolation are that it protects the patient from getting any other infection from other people. Isolation nursing also protects staff, visitors and families/friends that have come into the hospital. This is very important because the patients are protected from getting any other illnesses which will make their TB. Also another benefit of isolation is that it gives time for the patient to recover. The patient is alone and isolated which lets them hiatus and recovery time. This is important for the patient. On the other hand if they were on a sharedward with other patients then they might not get time to rest and also with visitors as well. Weaknesses of isolation are that the patients might feel socially and emotionally isolated. This is not swell for them.They might not like the fact that they are isolated and could feel restricted. This could then lead to them refusing to go into isolation. It is important that they go into isolation because if they dont then it leads to their in fection getting worse as their body is vulnerable and could catch other illnesses. Also they could infect other people with their illnesses which then make them ill. It might make the people isolated moody and depressed. This is not good for them. The aim of isolation nursing is to isolate the micro-organism and not the patient even though the patient is still being isolated.Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get an y infections. The NICE guidelines say Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.The department of Health Guidelines say There are three levels of TB infection control Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratoryprotection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.