Gaussian Mixture Model

Gaussian Mixture Model Many computer related vision technology, it is critical to identify moving objects from a sequence of videos frames. In order to achieve this, background subtraction is applied which mainly identifies moving objects from each portion of video frames. Background subtraction or segmentation is a widely used technique in video surveillance, target recognitions and banks. By using the Gaussian Mixture Model background model, frame pixels are deleted from the required video to achieve the desired results. The application of background subtraction involves various factors which involve developing an algorithm which is able to detect the required object robustly, it should also be able to react to various changes like illumination, starting and stopping of moving objects. Surveillance is the monitoring of the behaviour, activities or other changing information usually of people and often ina surreptitiousmanner. Video surveillance is commonly used for event detection and human identification. But it is not easy as think to detect the event or tracking the object. There are many techniques and papers introduced by many scientists for the backend process in the video surveillance. Different automated softwares are used for the analysis of the video footage. It tracks large body movements and objects. In this report we discuss the application of mixture of Gaussian (M.O.G) which is used as a background subtraction model in order to achieve object/target recognition; this method involves calculation the mean and standard deviation of each pixel frame which will be discussed more in detailed as the report progresses. 2. Background Subtraction (Literature Review) Figure 1 Background subtraction Flow Diagram [1] According to [1], the above figure shows the basic flow diagram on how background subtraction algorithm is based. The four important steps described by [1] and which play an important role in background subtraction are described below and include: 2.1 Preprocessing Temporal or spatial smoothing is used in the early pre processing stage to eliminate device noise which can be a factor under different light intensity. Smoothing technique also includes removing various other elements like environment such as rain and snow.   In real-time systems, frame size and frame rate are commonly adopted to reduce the data processing rate. Another key factor in preprocessing technique is the data format used by the background subtraction model. Most algorithms can handle luminance intensity which is one scalar value per each pixel.   As shown in the examples below [2]: Figure 2 Image on the left shows snowing and image on the right is a resultant of smoothing effect In the figure 2, shown are two images which shows snow on the left and whereas with the application of spatial and temporal smoothing on right image results in the elimination of snow producing an more clear and effective image for background subtraction. 2.2 Background Modeling This step uses the new video frame in order to calculate and update the background model. The main aim of developing a background model is that it should be robust against environmental changes in the background, but sensitive enough to identify all moving objects of interest. 2.3 Foreground Detection In this step, it identifies the pixels in the frame. Foreground detection compares the video frame with the background model, and identify candidate foreground pixels from the frame. Commonly- used approach for foreground detection is to check whether the pixel is significantly different from the corresponding background estimate as show below: A different foreground detection scheme is normalised threshold based statistics as shown below: Where,  µd and are the mean and standard deviation of the for all spatial locations (x,y). 2.4 Data Validation Finally, this step eliminated any pixels which are not connected to the image. It involves the process of improving the foreground mask based on the information obtained from the outside background model. Most background models lack three main points: 1. Ignoring any correlation between neighbouring pixels 2. The rate of adaption may not match the moving speed of the foreground object. 3. Non-stationary pixels, from moving leavers or shadow cast by moving objects are at times mistaken for true foreground objects. 3. Background Reading There are different types of background modelling which are as follows: 3.1 Simple Frame Difference Frame difference is considered the simplest form of background subtraction. The method involves the subtraction of previous pixel frame with current pixel frame and if the value obtained from this greater than a set threshold then it is considered as the foreground. Advantages: Less complex The method can easily and quickly adapt to changes Able to distinguish the background from foreground much affectively. Disadvantages: Not Robust, object has to continuously move. Only applicable when with fixed camera. Fails to handle illumination changes. 3.2 Moving Average Filtering Referring from [3], Moving Average filtering is a method in which an estimate value of a particular background pixel value is weighted as average of the previous values. Pixels in the far part are weighted at Zero and the weights increase smoothly.  Ã‚   3.3 Online Gaussian Model In this method, we assume the background as a Gaussian distribution rather than a single value. To calculate Gaussian for 1-D is as follows[4]: Where, x is the current pixel value,  µ is the mean of each pixel and sigma is the standard deviation of the pixel. Finally, the following equations are used in online updated of Gaussian mean and variance: In the above equations[4]:  µ(t) is the mean for each pixel where ÃŽÂ ± is the learning rate, t is the time of the previous pixel and x is the current pixel value. à Ã†â€™2(t) is the standard deviation of the each pixels. The foreground decision rule applied here is when the distance between each pixel value and Gaussian model is larger than a certain threshold, it is considered as the Foreground. 3.3 GMM Gaussian Mixture Model In order to use GMM the following equations are considered: In the above equations [4]:  µ(t) is the mean for each pixel where ÃŽÂ ± is the learning rate, t is the time of the previous pixel and x is the current pixel value. à Ã†â€™2(t) is the standard deviation of the each pixels. The description and implementation of GMM model will be discussed more in detail in the later part of the report 3.4 Codebook based Technique It is a method where a quantized and clustering technique is motivated by Kohonen to construct the background model from long observation sequences, without making any parameter assumptions. For each pixels, a codebook contains one or more codewords and mixed backgrounds can be modelled by using multiple codewords. Samples at each pixel are clustered into the set of codewords based on a color distortion metric together with a brightness ratio. [4] 4.0 Gaussian Mixture Model In this report we implement the Gaussian Mixture Model for background subtraction. This background subtraction model is more robust than other models discussed in previous section. Most importantly it can handle multi-modal situations e.g. trees and sky which is more effectively filtered by the GMM model. Each pixel value is modelled by a mixture of Gaussian rather than a particular type of distribution. Based on the variance of each of the Gaussian of the mixture, we determine which Gaussians may correspond to background colors. Pixel values that do not fix the background distributions are considered foreground until there is a Gaussian that includes them with sufficient consistent evidence supporting it [5]. This method is very adaptable with lighting changes, repetitive motions and slow moving objects. This method contains 2 main significant parameters -Alpha, the learning constant and T, the proportion of the data that should be accounted for by the background The Gaussian mixture components for a pixel have normalized weights calculated from the past observations. The likelihood that a pixel has a value of Xt is assumed to be:    [5] The parameters of the mixture components are updates with the new frames. A retrieved pixel value is compared with all the components of the mixture assigned to that pixel to find out if there is a match. A match is said to happen when the retrieved pixel value is within 2.5 times standard deviation of a mixture component. The update procedure is different for the matching component and other components. The mean values and the covariance matrices are updated for only the matching component. The value formulas for the matching components are: And the weights are updated with given formula    [6] In case there is not a match between the current pixel value and the mixture components related to that pixel .the component having the smallest likelihood with respect to the current pixel value is discarded. A new Gaussian component is created in place of the discarded one, having a mean value equal to the current pixel value, and a variance equal to a predetermined constant. To retrieve the foreground the following equation is used. Where, T is the threshold value for the sum of the weights.[6] 5.0 Algorithm In order to give a better understanding of the algorithm used for background subtraction the following steps were adopted to achieve the desired results: Firstly, we compare each input pixels to the mean mu of the associated components. If the value of a pixel is close enough to a chosen components mean, then that component is considered as the matched component. In order to be a matched component, the difference between the pixel and mean must be less than compared to the components standard deviation scaled by factor D in the algorithm. Secondly, update the Gaussian weight, mean and standard deviation (variance) to reflect the new obtained pixel value. In relation to non-matched components the weights w decreases whereas the mean and standard deviation stay the same. It is dependent upon the learning component p in relation to how fast they change. Thirdly, here we identify which components are parts of the background model. To do this a threshold value is applied to the component weights w. Fourthly, in the final step we determine the foreground pixels. Here the pixels that are identified as foreground dont match with any components determined to be the background. 6.0 Experimental Results For better results, median filter was used where the main purpose was to filter out unconnected pixels from the large connected pixels (e.g. people, vehicles) so that it was easy to distinguish between the background and foreground. With median filter the value of the output pixel is determined by the median of the neighboring pixels instead of the mean. Median has a much smaller insensitivity compared with mean to extreme values. The function used was medfilt2(A,[m n]). Figure 3 GMM Background Subtraction with high light intensity In the above image, the picture on the right shows the output of background subtraction using the GMM model. There is still false negative foreground detection which produces the disturbances in the image. Although it still shows the objects moving hence, making it suitable for object tracking. The reason for these disturbances can be narrowed down to illumination changes. Figure 4 GMM Background Subtraction with Low light intensity For the above, a short 30 second video was recorded where light intensity was moderate and the camera was still. It can be observed that the hand is visible and false negative detection is low which suggests that the model works robustly in low light intensities. From the above results, we can say that there are still improvements to be made in the algorithm mostly to work with illumination which increases the false negative background subtraction. 7.0 Further Improvements The GMM model used in this paper could be further tweaked to provide better results in terms of zero disturbances/noises. The use of morphological filters could be implemented into the algorithm to reduce these unconnected pixels which were seen in the figures above and make it more robust in object tracking. The algorithm has the capabilities of further improvements to run large size videos and importantly the ability to process more frames per seconds using larger number of Gaussians in the mixture model. Apart from the above improvements, we further plan to research the model using PTZ (Pan Tilt Zoom) technique to study the processing rate of frame/second and observe the robustness of the algorithm in terms of disturbances/noise. There are possibilities of false positive results where background could be recognised as foreground. 8.0 Conclusions In this project we implemented a very strong and widely used background subtraction method according to the paper Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking. This method is very adaptable for lighting changes and shadow removals. Also it finds the repetitive actions as well with the use of mixture of Gaussians. Alpha and T are the key parameters in this paper. The values of these parameters changes with the different cameras and different environment. So it is very important to get the best values for them to work with for different videos. Also we tried to improve the output quality by using some filtration methods like median filter. The guassain model is not perfect with the result since there are some disturbances after the modelling also. But there are many good post processing techniques are introduced and we referenced two of them. A new region Gaussian background model for video surveillance by Xun Cai and Long Jiang, and Improved Post-Processing for GMM based Adaptive Background Modeling by Deniz Turdu,Hakan Erdogan. But the 1st paper doesnt give any clear information about the techniques failed to explain the equations as well. Second paper introduces a very good technique and we couldnt able to get the result properly. But this assignment was very challenging for us and helped us to get a very good knowledge about different background subtraction methods used in Video surveillance. 9.0 References [1] Robust techniques for background subtraction in urban traffic video Sen-Ching S. Cheung and Chandrika Kamath, 2006/07 [2] Background Subtractions of Moving Objects https://computation.llnl.gov/casc/sapphire/background/background.html [3] Page444, Computer vision A modern approach, David A. Forsyth [4] Dr J. Zhang, CSC7006 Lecture 2 Slides, Queens University Belfast. [5] Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking, Chris Stafer, W.E.L Grimson [6] Improved Post processing for GMM based adaptive background modelling by Deniz Turdu, Hakan Erdogan

General Education Essay -- essays research papers fc

With living costs as high as they are in this day and age, it is completely unreasonable to expect the average individual to squander already limited resources. Receiving a bachelor’s degree today requires an assortment of classes that often are not directly related to one’s career objectives. For some, they find this to be an enjoyable adventure, broadening their knowledge and learning about new aspects of life, but for others this is just burdensome. However it is looked upon, the college curriculum still requires a diverse selection of courses to develop well rounded, responsible individuals, but in turn creates added pressure upon students. Is it the job of secondary education to start developing all inclusive students who have been familiarized with a broad range of subjects? Is it fair that some children are able to afford private education and expensive tutoring with a one on one basis? The government needs to step in on this matter because the children who are growing up now are going to be this countries future. The rich are always going to be well educated because they can afford it. There needs to be government programs that provide free tutoring and counseling for the underprivileged. But the way things are going this will never happen because education is almost always one of the first things to be cut. One of the greatest sacrifices of college is the money required to attend. The Education Statistics Quarterly says: One of the biggest concerns for many families is how they are going to pay their children's college expenses. In academic year 2002–03, the average total price for full-time undergraduates to attend 4-year institutions—including tuition, fees, room, board, books, supplies, and other education expenses, as estimated by the institutions—was more than $12,800 at public institutions and almost $28,000 at private institutions (College Board 2003a). Over the past decade, inflation-adjusted tuition prices at public and private 4-year colleges and universities jumped nearly 40 percent, while the median income of families with a head of household 45 to 54 years old (those families most likely to have traditional college-age children) rose only 8 percent (College Board 2003b). Such price increases have made it much more difficult for families from nearly all income levels to pay for college. Researchers have, for many years, wondered how... ...eir general education courses. This mentality is not healthy. Not only are general education classes required, they are necessary for the development of well rounded citizens. It may cost a little more but what is a pretty penny compared to ones future. These courses are also valuable because it allows students to sample other aspects of life that they may find more interesting than his/her initial major. General education is quite valuable for the development of a fully literate society. For the development of cultured, interesting individuals, general education must be viewed as a necessity. Works Cited Kirsziner Laurie G. and Mandell Stephen R. Patterns for College Writing, Bedford/St. Martin’s Boston, New York Kozol Jonathan. â€Å"The Cost of an Illiterate Society.† From Illiterate America by Jonathan Kozol. Copyright 1985 by Jonathan Kozol Zinsser William. â€Å"College Pressures.† From Blair and Ketchum’s County Journal, Vol VI, No. 4, April 1979. Copyright 1979 by William K. Zinsser. National Center for Education Statistics http://nces.ed.gov/programs/quarterly/vol_5/5_2/q2_4.asp 1990 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA, Phone: (202) 502-7300

Human Sexuality: Toys and Technology Essay

Throughout history, the concept of sexuality and what is deemed as normal within different societies has evolved constantly. Various social standards and expectations often play into how a culture will approach sexuality—what it entails, what its limits may be, or if it is even an appropriate topic of discussion (Davies, 1982, p. 1042). Evidently, no matter how liberal or relaxed a particular society may be, there are still certain areas of sexuality that are considered taboo such as the integration of technology (Rubin, 1989, p. 267). This pertains to the use of internet or film porn, vibrators, and other sex toys. While the use of technology for sexual purposes is widespread, there are still some apprehensions about it, and many are still uncomfortable with the concept of sex toys and pornography. Due to factors such as politics, religion, and cultural traditions, society still tends to classify the use of sexual accessories or entertainment as taboo; and this is indicative of how social norms influence one’s views and comfort level when it comes to sexual behavior. As political changes have altered the way in which society functions, so have they altered people’s views of sexuality. Consider the ancient Grecian times, during which sexuality and promiscuity were considered to be a normal part of everyday life. People treated sexual behavior in a relatively unabashed manner. When kingdoms and politics began to grow to be larger in scale, however, it had an inverse relationship to the presence of sexuality in society (Greenberg, 1988, p. 185). Sexual enjoyment began to be more repressed in an effort for politicians and rulers to control a group of people (Davies, 1982, p. 1032). Political movements also led to the promotion of chastity as well as the elimination of prostitution (Rubin, 1989, p. 68). Widespread political agendas essentially began implementing a new mindset and a new set of morals in society. Instead of sex being treated as a natural and acceptable part of life, the growth of politics determined sexual behavior as being immoral; and as time passed, it became a solid societal expectation that people should repress any animal-like sexual urges and avoid promiscuous behavior. At the very least, they should keep their sexual conduct private and refrain from discussing it with others. Aside from prostitution, masturbation was heavily discouraged (Rubin, 1989, p. 68). Even in today’s society, this mindset is still present. Many people, especially women, are uncomfortable with the concept of masturbation, let alone discussing it with others (Rubin, 1989, p. 282). With vibrators being one of the most popular masturbation accessories, the negative or awkward associations between the vibrators and the actual act of masturbation can be observed—that is, since masturbation is still considered by some to be taboo, vibrators and other sex toys are automatically put into the same category. Along with politics, religion has been a major influence in terms of how different cultures and societies perceive sexuality. When one considers the literal translation of the Bible, for example, the messages are clear and quite threatening. Those who violate what God declares to be the boundaries of sexuality are thought to be an â€Å"abomination†, and it even states that prostitutes should be stoned to death (Greenberg, 1988, p. 196). The enforcement of these beliefs within society was for the purpose of creating social boundaries in an effort to maintain ultimate control over a group of people (Davies, 1982, p. 060). If society followed a religious order, then immoral behavior would theoretically be minimized. Many cultures, especially in the Western world, therefore, adhered to the Christian-based ideals of sex (Rubin, 1989, p. 283). This philosophy says that sex has one sole purpose, which is procreation. The Bible also states that sex is intended to take place between a man and a woman, suggesting that masturbation is a sin (Rubin, 1989, p. 283). This explains why so many still frown upon sex toys, which are meant to enhance one’s sexual pleasure even if they are not having sex with another person. Religious texts, in general, have served to disassociate several aspects of sexuality with moral and ethical behavior (Davies, 1982, p. 1042). Not only is masturbation considered unethical, but so is watching pornography. The Bible does not only classify sexual deviancy with physical actions, but what one thinks about as well. If someone is watching pornography, they are thought of to be engaging in immoral behavior; and if they are married, then pornography is simply considered to be another form of cheating and disloyalty. Many couples today will choose to watch a porn video together in order to enhance their sex life, but it is still thought of as taboo and not often discussed amongst couples. Regardless of whether or not all people believe in a certain religion, it is clear that religion has affected society and how people perceive matters such as porn or masturbation—even if they are not aware of any religious influences. Together, politics and religion have introduced the concept that illicit sex is unethical (Rubin, 1989, p. 289). They have developed social traditions and standards, which includes laws against pornography and other sexual factors that are considered to be obscenities (Rubin, 1989, p. 289). It is now a normal standard in society that one has to be at least 18 years of age to rent or buy porn. In addition, adult entertainment has become its own thriving industry due to the laws that prohibit pornography from being viewed by the general public (Rubin, 1989, p. 290). Of course, separating the porn business from society is not necessarily a negative act, especially since children should not be exposed to such graphic themes and images. The fact that there are laws that ban porn and other forms of adult entertainment, however, add to society’s stigma when it comes to how porn is perceived. A porn video is not considered to be the same as a rated R movie that children under 17 cannot watch. It is thought of as a taboo movie that even adults think of as inappropriate or socially unacceptable (Davies, 1982, p. 1037). If there are laws required to regulate or even ban certain sexual acts—such as in certain states, where homosexual sodomy is illegal—then sexuality in general is considered criminal, and that it should be treated with caution (Rubin, 1989, p. 91). The criminalization of sexuality has essentially conditioned society to be apprehensive in how they engage in sexual acts and whether or not they make use of any available material or objects that were created to improve their experience. Although the use of vibrators has become increasingly population—especially after the hit TV show Sex and the City made the â€Å"Rampant Rabbit† vibrator so famous—it is still considered to be a rebellion against tradition (Davies, 1982, p. 1040). Perhaps this is why women who openly admit to using sex toys are still referred to as â€Å"new age† or â€Å"modern women†, even though vibrators and other toys have been available for so long. When one thinks of the traditional and socially acceptable form of sex, they will most likely think of a man and a woman who are probably married. Sex toys are typically not considered a â€Å"normal† part of intercourse; and many consider using vibrators as emasculating to men and traditional gender roles (Greenberg, 1988, p. 15). Sexual behavior is already thought to be lusty and risque. When additions like erotic toys are added, sex is thought to be that much more taboo (Greenberg, 1988, p. 224). This is because toys are basically an excess—that is, couples do not need vibrators in order to have intercourse. Even during masturbation, people do not require inanimate objects to engage in the act. According to Gayle Rubin (1989), there is also a sexual hierarchy in society that lists what is defined as normal sex (p. 282). Monogamy is one of the defining factors of â€Å"good† and â€Å"acceptable† sexual behavior; and since pornography is generally based on pure lust between two unmarried people, it is still not thought of as a normal form of sexual expression. The use of vibrators, especially for masturbation purposes, tends to be looked down upon as well, simply because it tends to cross traditional social boundaries (Davies, 1982, p. 1032). These boundaries imply that technology in general, when used for sexual acts, represents a lack of morals, ethics, and values (Rubin, 1989, p. 310). This, of course, is not the case. Although centuries have passed since Western society adopted religious and politically-based views on sexuality, people still cannot fully accept that objects like vibrators and porn films have become a normal part of sexual behavior. The attempt to regulate sexual behavior and influence how people approach their own personal sex lives is nothing more than an example of the desire for ultimate control (Greenberg, 1988, p. 238). Although there should be restrictions that protect children from adult content, this should not affect society’s comfort level when it comes to sex—after all, it is a natural behavior. Sex, in general, is simply taken too seriously in Western culture, and only causes unnecessary amounts of stress and anxiety on those who wish to deviate from the standardized ideal of sexual behavior (Rubin, 1989, p. 310). Vibrators and sex toys are nothing more than accessories for sexual acts, and pornography is merely an adult form of entertainment; but due to political, religious, and traditional forces, they are still considered to be sexual and social taboos.

buy custom The Enlargement of the European Union essay

buy custom The Enlargement of the European Union essay The enlargement of the European Union is considered to be the process of expanding by the way of allowing new member states in. The EUs expanse is fairly discussible issue with various antagonistic approaches. The current research is conceived to investigate the genuine benefits of the EUs enlargement in order to substantiate Turkeys endeavors towards the integration with the EU. Therefore, the research paper consists of several parts. The first section is dedicated to introductory points implying the basic benefits proclaimed by the EU in respect of its enlargement. The second section comprises both the elaboration of the thesis statement and depiction of the major principles which are taken into consideration by the EU while deciding on the further expanse. The third section is utterly dedicated to the specifics of Turkey as a potential member. In this connection, a special emphasis is laid upon Turkeys strokes towards fulfilling the membership requirements. The fourth section cont ains generalization of the previously narrated material and a conclusion. The principles benefits of the aforesaid expansion have already been determined by the European Union itself. According to the European Commission (2002), the basic arguments towards the political, economic and cultural advantages of enlarging the European Union should be outlined as follows: The widening of the zone of peace, stability and prosperity in Europe may augment the security of all nations. The more European nations join the Union, the more geographical territory will be secured and safeguarded. Supplementary millions of people, in swiftly increasing economies, to the EUs market may both encourage the economical growth and ensure the employment in the territory of the Union. The quality of life for citizens throughout Europe may become better when the new member-states implement EU rights and regulations for the protection of the environment and the fight against crime, drugs and illegal immigration (The EC, 2002). The entrance of new members is considered to aggrandize the EU by means of the cultural diversity, interplay of ideas and better display of other nations. The EUs expansion is deemed to intensify the Unions role in the world arena that regards foreign and security policy, trade and the issues of global governance. I am disposed to think that there are already visible benefits of entrance which may be enumerated as follows: 1) in Central and Eastern Europe, firm democratic institutions which accentuate on high respect for minorities have been established; 2) high rates of economic development and better employment expectations have been attained due to the economic reforms; 3) the trade between the EU and the new members leading to employment and economic growth has been augmented (The EC, 2002). In summary, it should be asserted that the European Commission has recognized a wide range of reciprocal benefits which may only be achieved through the enlarging. General Principles of the EUs Expansion Furthermore, I find it necessary to ascertain that the provisions of the Treaty of Rome, the SEA directive and the Maastricht Treaty have adopted the most significant tenets regarding a state wishing to join the EU (Ingham Ingham, 2003, p. 10). The aforementioned standards should be outlined as follows: A firm pluralist democracy coupled with the respect of human rights and the protection of minorities committed to the rule of law. A well-developed and highly-functioning market economy. A capability to withstand the competitive pressures and market forces within the EU. Disposition towards the achieving the objective of political, economic and monetary union and fulfilling the obligations of membership, the acquis communautairein particular. Also, it is incumbent on the state to accept the free circulation of goods, services, capital and labor; The Common Agricultural Policy as an integral part of a members agricultural policy. The competition policy rules; fiscal harmonization, and promotion of responsibility in respect of developing countries. Also, in order to clarify the attractiveness of Turkey as a potential candidate for joining the EU, the motivations, conditions and instruments for the EUs enlargement need to be investigated. In this connection, I deem it my duty to remind that the EU has supported the policy of restraint in respect of Turkey until the Helsinki Summit of 1999 (Arikan, 2006, p. 9). Also, it should be noticed that the EU has conducted a fairly different approach towards Turkey. According to the author, one of the factors which might be responsible for such attitude is Turkeys size and geographical location (Arikan, 2006, p. 9). Hence, Turkey is considered potent to make an unfavorable influenceon the EUs cost and hazards connected with its membership. However, a cost/benefit basis should not be solely taken into account while examining EU-Turkey relationships. I would like to disclose the interconnection between the EU and Turkey through a comparison with other potential members. Thence, Harun Arikan (2006) suggests analyzing the norms established exclusively for the enlargement of the EU in order to assess compatibility of the EUs policy towards Turkey with such norms (p. 10). In view of the above, the investigation should be divided into three reciprocal stages: 1) a universal framework for apprehending the enlargement; 2) a framework for understanding the specifics of the Turkish case; 3) a framework for comparing the EUs attitude in respect of Turkey with that towards other applicant countries and recent members. In the context of general principles of the EUs expansion, it seems reasonable to reflect on the incentives which motivate the EU to conduct the policy of enlargement. Such advantages have already been outlined by the European Commission. They include commercial opportunities for the internal market, diversification of labor market, intensification of the economic growth, promotion of cleaner environment, augmentation of democratic institutions etc. However, some politicians express confidence that little efforts are made towards explaining the advantages of integrating the countries into the European Union notwithstanding the significance of such integration (European Union Committee of the British Parliament, 2006, p. 41). Apart from the above, the impacts of the EUs enlargement on the European labor market should be interpreted as well. In this connection, every new membership in the EU breaks down many trade barriers and provides new opportunities for international business operations stimulated by the low costs, taxes and resources (Ammon, 2010, p. 3). Moreover, it should be noted that the intensified international trade affects both the household and consumption of goods resulting in higher wages and more advanced standards of living. Also, more liberalized trade gives birth to lower prices and thus to an enhanced consumption when the cheaper foreign goods substitute the more expensive domestic ones (Ammon, 2010, p. 8). In addition to the aforementioned arguments, it should be ascertained that the expansion of the EU may facilitate such forms of business internationalization as export, direct investments, alliances, licensing and franchising (Ammon, 2010, p. 17). The Specifics of the Turkish Case As far as the Turkish case is concerned, it should be taken into consideration that the EUs policy in respect of Turkey is chiefly motivated by political conditionality human rights and disputes with Greece rather than the issues of costs and hazards connected with Turkeys membership (Arikan, 2006, p. 18). In order to evaluate the Turkish case the most noticeable motivations and interests of the EU in the contemporary enlargement policy should be detected. According to Arikan (2006), the next expansion of the EU will be driven by four main sectors: 1) - security preoccupations and considerations; 2) the apprehended effect of democratization in the potential members; 3) the foundation of political identity and history; 4) economic motivation and interests (p. 19). In the case of Turkey, the security grounds and considerations truly affect Turkeys endeavors for EU membership. The EU is distinctly seen as a political union with sufficient instruments and objectives directed towards diminishing the risks and costs connected with the political, economic and social instability. However, the European Union does not involve Turkey in its security consideration, despite the fact that Turkey encounters the same security challenges. According to Volker Kupper (2009), it is possible to determine three types of approaches to the Turkish case. The first approach represents the views of the European Commission. The second approach depicts the attitudes of various member states. The third approach reflects opinions of the Turkish authorities. As far as the EUs approach is concerned, it should be claimed that the European Commission states that Turkey has gradually fulfilled the requirements of membership, but still needs augmentations in important domains (Kupper, 2009, p. 8). The aforementioned enhancements concern the area of anti-corruption policies and the increasing responsibility of authorities. Moreover, the EU has proclaimed that the newly elected parliament represents the countrys political diversity and the new government is expected to maintain loyalty to EU accession process and reforms (World leaders congratulate Turkeys Erdogan, 2011). Concerning the economic reequirements, the European Commission expresses confidence that Turkey has already made the most significant steps for becoming a member of the EU (Kupper, 2009, p. 8). Turkey should be comprehended as a competitive market economy with tenable microeconomic stability. A GPD-growth in conjunction with tight fiscal policies and the potentiality to resist the competitive pressure have been acknowledged by the European Union. Likewise, a good development in the privatization sector, decrease of market entry and exit barriers has created favorable circumstances for foreign direct investments (Kupper, 2009, p. 9). In addition, it should be emphasized that the financial sector of Turkey is developing perfectly well after some disturbances in 2006. Also, some progress is achieved in the sphere of anti-laundering policy. As far as the second approach is concerned, it should be outlined that various member-states have different attitude to the Turkish case. Some of them, for instance, Germany and France convict that Turkey is not a European country; therefore it is impossible to accept it as a member of the European Union. Other states, like Great Britain, claim Turkey has the stable economy which may contribute to the European one. One of the reasons why Germany and France are not supporting the Turkish integration into the European Union is that it will increase the migration of Turkish people to the big cities and increase the illegal migration from other Arabic countries through the Turkish borders. Another reason is that the EU is now facing the economic crisis which is a threat to the all zone of euro (Greece and Italy case) and the Turkey integration into the EU will result in even worse economic situation which is a threat to all EU member states. However, Great Britain fully supports Turkey i n its attempt to become the EU member state because it will decrease the racial tension within the EU (there are a lot of Turkish and other Arabic nations immigrants in the EU), maintain the social and political stability and prove that the European Union can except as its member state each country that meets the EU requirements, despite the race and religion. In the context of the third approach, it should be asserted that the government being a supporter of the integration has already started the full membership association. The rebuttal After everything has been given due consideration, I deem it my duty to rebut the position implying that the EU does not have to enlarge. In this connection, I express confidence that the European Union do have to enlarge: 1) If you state that new enlargement will destabilize the EU, it is incumbent on me to clarify that the zone of peace, stability and prosperity in Europe will expand with more people secured in the frames of the EU. 2) It you assert that the economic potentialities of the EU will be depleted with new enlargement, I will disagree and counter-state that supplementary millions of Turkish will encourage the economic growth and employment in the territory of the European Union. 3) If you think the quality of life in the EU will become lower with new enlargement, I will protest and say that the quality of life will become better both in Turkey and in other member states because a more powerful fight against crime, drugs and illegal immigration will take place. 4) If you reassure me that the EUs values will be harmed with new enlargement, it will be my duty to convict that the EU fundamentals will be aggrandized by means of a new cultural diversity, interplay of ideas and better display of other nations. 5) If you think that the EUs power will disperse with the new enlargement, I will counterproof that the EUs role in the world arena will be intensified because it will concern the foreign, security policy, trade regulations and issues of global governance not only in the fames of European continent but also at the threshold to Asia. Also, both the development of democratic institutions and respect of human rights will be affirmed in Turkey. A well-developed economy and highly-functioning market will be extended in Turkey. The free circulation of goods, services, labor and capital will occur in the vast territory of the EU. In the final analysis, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the European Union should continue the enlargement in order to allow more states in. Furthermore, Turkeys membership in the EU is an apparent favorability. However, to become a member state, Turkey will need a support of each member state of the EU. So, the main aim for Turkey is to persuade each member state of the European Union that it does meet all the EU requirements and will contribute to the EU economic growth. Buy custom The Enlargement of the European Union essay

Compilation of the Quran Essays

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Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Analysis - Essay Example The primary focus in this paper will be on group work. A group is a coalition of individuals who require each at different levels so that they can work on a certain common problem. In a group, there is need to use each other and create helping relationships which is very vital to any group process. However, it is not a guarantee that when individuals come together aid will emerge. There are many obstacles that can block the ability of the members of the group to reach one another and offer help. The group members have to learn how to cope with developmental and maturational tasks and demands that require adaptation and changes within the group (Greene and Greene, 2008). The group that is our class started on August 30, 2010. At the beginning, there was no much interaction because every one was a stranger to one another. The first thing an individual feels when meeting people in a group for the first time in many cases is fear. Shulman (2008) describes it as fear-of-group syndrome. The first concept is the fear-of-group syndrome. Feeling unease is common thing when meeting people for the first time. One clearly notes this is the beginning phase of a group during introductions. The fear-of-group syndrome emerges at this point (Shulman, 2008). The tone of the voice may suggest that this person has never led a group or worked in a group. An individual may decide to keep quiet because of fear and this can result to the individual withdraw from the group’s activities. During the beginning of our class, some students were afraid of introducing themselves or opening up to other members of the group. The tone of voice in some indicated that they were not that willing to interact with the rest of the group. The second concept is discussing a taboo area. Norms and taboos are different in each community. Re-creation of a group into a micro-society involves bringing together norms, rules, expectations and taboos from the group members’ experiences. A difficult task

Jury Nullification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Jury Nullification - Essay Example However, this is observed by those opposing the concept, as making certain crimes in the society acceptable, since the perpetrators of such crimes can go unpunished by the laws. Further, the concept of jury nullification appears to contravene the provisions of the law, regarding the roles and jurisdiction of the jurors. Jurors are supposed to identify and determine the facts surrounding a certain case, while determining the case based on such facts, and leaving the interpretation of the laws to the judges. However, under the concept of jury nullification, jurors perform both the roles of investigating the facts surrounding the case and determining whether the laws applicable to the case are valid. This is because, under the concept of jury nullification, the jurors can disregard the instructions given by the judges, as well as the laws applicable to the case, and instead apply their conscious to determine the case (Shari, 4). Nevertheless, in consideration of the benefits and the problems posed by the concept of jury nullification in the justice system, this discussion seeks to develop a comprehensive argument in favor of the concept of jury nullification. Most fundamental is the fact that Jury Nullification serves as a substantial and necessary defense against discriminative laws. The Jury system is enshrined within the concept of the public justice system. This works towards ensuring that the judgments offered by the jurors resonate with the public opinion, more than the laws. While the laws adapted by many countries are meant to ensure that justice is done to the aggrieved parties, there are some instances where the legislators enacts certain laws in total disregard of the public opinion or interest, but solely fashioning such laws to suit their interests (Keneally, 944). This leaves the general public exposed to the wrath of the legislators, who may be